6 Search Results for "Tarjan, Robert E."


Document
Optimal Energetic Paths for Electric Cars

Authors: Dani Dorfman, Haim Kaplan, Robert E. Tarjan, and Uri Zwick

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 274, 31st Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2023)


Abstract
A weighted directed graph G = (V,A,c), where A ⊆ V× V and c:A → ℝ, naturally describes a road network in which an electric car, or vehicle (EV), can roam. An arc uv ∈ A models a road segment connecting the two vertices (junctions) u and v. The cost c(uv) of the arc uv is the amount of energy the car needs to travel from u to v. This amount can be positive, zero or negative. We consider both the more realistic scenario where there are no negative cycles in the graph, as well as the more challenging scenario, which can also be motivated, where negative cycles may be present. The electric car has a battery that can store up to B units of energy. The car can traverse an arc uv ∈ A only if it is at u and the charge b in its battery satisfies b ≥ c(uv). If the car traverses the arc uv then it reaches v with a charge of min{b-c(uv),B} in its battery. Arcs with a positive cost deplete the battery while arcs with negative costs may charge the battery, but not above its capacity of B. If the car is at a vertex u and cannot traverse any outgoing arcs of u, then it is stuck and cannot continue traveling. We consider the following natural problem: Given two vertices s,t ∈ V, can the car travel from s to t, starting at s with an initial charge b, where 0 ≤ b ≤ B? If so, what is the maximum charge with which the car can reach t? Equivalently, what is the smallest depletion δ_{B,b}(s,t) such that the car can reach t with a charge of b-δ_{B,b}(s,t) in its battery, and which path should the car follow to achieve this? We also refer to δ_{B,b}(s,t) as the energetic cost of traveling from s to t. We let δ_{B,b}(s,t) = ∞ if the car cannot travel from s to t starting with an initial charge of b. The problem of computing energetic costs is a strict generalization of the standard shortest paths problem. When there are no negative cycles, the single-source version of the problem can be solved using simple adaptations of the classical Bellman-Ford and Dijkstra algorithms. More involved algorithms are required when the graph may contain negative cycles.

Cite as

Dani Dorfman, Haim Kaplan, Robert E. Tarjan, and Uri Zwick. Optimal Energetic Paths for Electric Cars. In 31st Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 274, pp. 42:1-42:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{dorfman_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2023.42,
  author =	{Dorfman, Dani and Kaplan, Haim and Tarjan, Robert E. and Zwick, Uri},
  title =	{{Optimal Energetic Paths for Electric Cars}},
  booktitle =	{31st Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2023)},
  pages =	{42:1--42:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-295-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{274},
  editor =	{G{\o}rtz, Inge Li and Farach-Colton, Martin and Puglisi, Simon J. and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2023.42},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-186955},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2023.42},
  annote =	{Keywords: Electric cars, Optimal Paths, Battery depletion}
}
Document
Dynamic Planar Embedding Is in DynFO

Authors: Samir Datta, Asif Khan, and Anish Mukherjee

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 272, 48th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2023)


Abstract
Planar Embedding is a drawing of a graph on the plane such that the edges do not intersect each other except at the vertices. We know that testing the planarity of a graph and computing its embedding (if it exists), can efficiently be computed, both sequentially [John E. Hopcroft and Robert Endre Tarjan, 1974] and in parallel [Vijaya Ramachandran and John H. Reif, 1994], when the entire graph is presented as input. In the dynamic setting, the input graph changes one edge at a time through insertion and deletions and planarity testing/embedding has to be updated after every change. By storing auxilliary information we can improve the complexity of dynamic planarity testing/embedding over the obvious recomputation from scratch. In the sequential dynamic setting, there has been a series of works [David Eppstein et al., 1996; Giuseppe F. Italiano et al., 1993; Jacob Holm et al., 2018; Jacob Holm and Eva Rotenberg, 2020], culminating in the breakthrough result of polylog(n) sequential time (amortized) planarity testing algorithm of Holm and Rotenberg [Jacob Holm and Eva Rotenberg, 2020]. In this paper we study planar embedding through the lens of DynFO, a parallel dynamic complexity class introduced by Patnaik et al [Sushant Patnaik and Neil Immerman, 1997] (also [Guozhu Dong et al., 1995]). We show that it is possible to dynamically maintain whether an edge can be inserted to a planar graph without causing non-planarity in DynFO. We extend this to show how to maintain an embedding of a planar graph under both edge insertions and deletions, while rejecting edge insertions that violate planarity. Our main idea is to maintain embeddings of only the triconnected components and a special two-colouring of separating pairs that enables us to side-step cascading flips when embedding of a biconnected planar graph changes, a major issue for sequential dynamic algorithms [Jacob Holm and Eva Rotenberg, 2020; Jacob Holm and Eva Rotenberg, 2020].

Cite as

Samir Datta, Asif Khan, and Anish Mukherjee. Dynamic Planar Embedding Is in DynFO. In 48th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 272, pp. 39:1-39:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{datta_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.39,
  author =	{Datta, Samir and Khan, Asif and Mukherjee, Anish},
  title =	{{Dynamic Planar Embedding Is in DynFO}},
  booktitle =	{48th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2023)},
  pages =	{39:1--39:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-292-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{272},
  editor =	{Leroux, J\'{e}r\^{o}me and Lombardy, Sylvain and Peleg, David},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.39},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-185736},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.39},
  annote =	{Keywords: Dynamic Complexity, Planar graphs, Planar embedding}
}
Document
Invited Talk
Amortised Analysis of Dynamic Data Structures (Invited Talk)

Authors: Eva Rotenberg

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 254, 40th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2023)


Abstract
In dynamic data structures, one is interested in efficiently facilitating queries to a data set, while being able to efficiently perform updates as the data set undergoes changes. Often, relaxing the efficiency measure to the amortised setting allows for simpler algorithms. A well-known example of a data structure with amortised guarantees is the splay tree by Sleator and Tarjan [Daniel D. Sleator and Robert E. Tarjan, 1985]. Similarly, in data structures for dynamic graphs, one is interested in efficiently maintaining some information about the graph, or facilitating queries, as the graph undergoes changes in the form of insertion and deletion of edges. Examples of such information include connectivity, planarity, and approximate sparsity of the graph: is the graph presently connected? Is it planar? Has its arboricity grossly exceeded some specified number α̃? The related queries could be: is a connected to b? Are the edges uv and uw consecutive in the ordering around u in its current planar embedding? Or, report the O(α) out-edges of vertex x. In this talk, we will see Brodal and Fagerberg’s amortised algorithm for orienting sparse graphs (i.e. of arboricity ≤ α), so that each vertex has O(α) out-edges [Gerth Stølting Brodal and Rolf Fagerberg, 1999]. The algorithm itself is extremely simple, and uses an elegant amortised argument in its analysis. Then, we will visit the problem of dynamic planarity testing: is the graph presently planar? Here, we will see an elegant amortised reduction to the seemingly easier problem, where planarity-violating edges may be detected and rejected [Eppstein et al., 1996]. We will see a sketch of how the current state-of-the-art algorithm for efficient planarity testing [Jacob Holm and Eva Rotenberg, 2020] uses ideas similar to those in [Gerth Stølting Brodal and Rolf Fagerberg, 1999] to analyse the behaviour of a greedy algorithm via a possibly inefficient algorithm with provably low recourse [Jacob Holm and Eva Rotenberg, 2020]. If time permits, we will touch upon a recent simple amortised data structure for maintaining information in dynamic forests [Jacob Holm et al., 2023], which builds on ideas from splay trees. The talk concludes with some open questions in the area.

Cite as

Eva Rotenberg. Amortised Analysis of Dynamic Data Structures (Invited Talk). In 40th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 254, pp. 2:1-2:2, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{rotenberg:LIPIcs.STACS.2023.2,
  author =	{Rotenberg, Eva},
  title =	{{Amortised Analysis of Dynamic Data Structures}},
  booktitle =	{40th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2023)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:2},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-266-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{254},
  editor =	{Berenbrink, Petra and Bouyer, Patricia and Dawar, Anuj and Kant\'{e}, Mamadou Moustapha},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2023.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-176547},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2023.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Amortised analysis, splaying, dynamic graphs, planarity testing}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
Analysis of Smooth Heaps and Slim Heaps

Authors: Maria Hartmann, László Kozma, Corwin Sinnamon, and Robert E. Tarjan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 198, 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)


Abstract
The smooth heap is a recently introduced self-adjusting heap [Kozma, Saranurak, 2018] similar to the pairing heap [Fredman, Sedgewick, Sleator, Tarjan, 1986]. The smooth heap was obtained as a heap-counterpart of Greedy BST, a binary search tree updating strategy conjectured to be instance-optimal [Lucas, 1988], [Munro, 2000]. Several adaptive properties of smooth heaps follow from this connection; moreover, the smooth heap itself has been conjectured to be instance-optimal within a certain class of heaps. Nevertheless, no general analysis of smooth heaps has existed until now, the only previous analysis showing that, when used in sorting mode (n insertions followed by n delete-min operations), smooth heaps sort n numbers in O(nlg n) time. In this paper we describe a simpler variant of the smooth heap we call the slim heap. We give a new, self-contained analysis of smooth heaps and slim heaps in unrestricted operation, obtaining amortized bounds that match the best bounds known for self-adjusting heaps. Previous experimental work has found the pairing heap to dominate other data structures in this class in various settings. Our tests show that smooth heaps and slim heaps are competitive with pairing heaps, outperforming them in some cases, while being comparably easy to implement.

Cite as

Maria Hartmann, László Kozma, Corwin Sinnamon, and Robert E. Tarjan. Analysis of Smooth Heaps and Slim Heaps. In 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 198, pp. 79:1-79:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{hartmann_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.79,
  author =	{Hartmann, Maria and Kozma, L\'{a}szl\'{o} and Sinnamon, Corwin and Tarjan, Robert E.},
  title =	{{Analysis of Smooth Heaps and Slim Heaps}},
  booktitle =	{48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)},
  pages =	{79:1--79:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-195-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{198},
  editor =	{Bansal, Nikhil and Merelli, Emanuela and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.79},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-141482},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.79},
  annote =	{Keywords: data structure, heap, priority queue, amortized analysis, self-adjusting}
}
Document
Simple Concurrent Labeling Algorithms for Connected Components

Authors: Sixue Liu and Robert E. Tarjan

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 69, 2nd Symposium on Simplicity in Algorithms (SOSA 2019)


Abstract
We present new concurrent labeling algorithms for finding connected components, and we study their theoretical efficiency. Even though many such algorithms have been proposed and many experiments with them have been done, our algorithms are simpler. We obtain an O(lg n) step bound for two of our algorithms using a novel multi-round analysis. We conjecture that our other algorithms also take O(lg n) steps but are only able to prove an O(lg^2 n) bound. We also point out some gaps in previous analyses of similar algorithms. Our results show that even a basic problem like connected components still has secrets to reveal.

Cite as

Sixue Liu and Robert E. Tarjan. Simple Concurrent Labeling Algorithms for Connected Components. In 2nd Symposium on Simplicity in Algorithms (SOSA 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 69, pp. 3:1-3:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)


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@InProceedings{liu_et_al:OASIcs.SOSA.2019.3,
  author =	{Liu, Sixue and Tarjan, Robert E.},
  title =	{{Simple Concurrent Labeling Algorithms for Connected Components}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Symposium on Simplicity in Algorithms (SOSA 2019)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:20},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-099-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{69},
  editor =	{Fineman, Jeremy T. and Mitzenmacher, Michael},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SOSA.2019.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-100292},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SOSA.2019.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Connected Components, Concurrent Algorithms}
}
Document
Minimum Cost Flows in Graphs with Unit Capacities

Authors: Andrew V. Goldberg, Haim Kaplan, Sagi Hed, and Robert E. Tarjan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 30, 32nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2015)


Abstract
We consider the minimum cost flow problem on graphs with unit capacities and its special cases. In previous studies, special purpose algorithms exploiting the fact that capacities are one have been developed. In contrast, for maximum flow with unit capacities, the best bounds are proven for slight modifications of classical blocking flow and push-relabel algorithms. In this paper we show that the classical cost scaling algorithms of Goldberg and Tarjan (for general integer capacities) applied to a problem with unit capacities achieve or improve the best known bounds. For weighted bipartite matching we establish a bound of O(\sqrt{rm}\log C) on a slight variation of this algorithm. Here r is the size of the smaller side of the bipartite graph, m is the number of edges, and C is the largest absolute value of an arc-cost. This simplifies a result of [Duan et al. 2011] and improves the bound, answering an open question of [Tarjan and Ramshaw 2012]. For graphs with unit vertex capacities we establish a novel O(\sqrt{n}m\log(nC)) bound. We also give the first cycle canceling algorithm for minimum cost flow with unit capacities. The algorithm naturally generalizes the single source shortest path algorithm of [Goldberg 1995].

Cite as

Andrew V. Goldberg, Haim Kaplan, Sagi Hed, and Robert E. Tarjan. Minimum Cost Flows in Graphs with Unit Capacities. In 32nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 30, pp. 406-419, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)


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@InProceedings{goldberg_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2015.406,
  author =	{Goldberg, Andrew V. and Kaplan, Haim and Hed, Sagi and Tarjan, Robert E.},
  title =	{{Minimum Cost Flows in Graphs with Unit Capacities}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2015)},
  pages =	{406--419},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-78-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{30},
  editor =	{Mayr, Ernst W. and Ollinger, Nicolas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2015.406},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-49304},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2015.406},
  annote =	{Keywords: minimum cost flow, bipartite matching, unit capacity, cost scaling}
}
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