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The Performance Effects of Virtual-Machine Instruction Pointer Updates

Authors M. Anton Ertl , Bernd Paysan

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M. Anton Ertl
  • TU Wien, Austria
Bernd Paysan
  • net2o, Munich, Germany

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M. Anton Ertl and Bernd Paysan. The Performance Effects of Virtual-Machine Instruction Pointer Updates. In 38th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 313, pp. 14:1-14:26, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2024.14

Abstract

How much performance do VM instruction-pointer (IP) updates cost and how much benefit do we get from optimizing them away? Two decades ago it had little effect on the hardware of the day, but on recent hardware the dependence chain of IP updates can become the critical path on processors with out-of-order execution. In particular, this happens if the VM instructions are light-weight and the application programs are loop-dominated. The present work presents several ways of reducing or eliminating the dependence chains from IP updates, either by breaking the dependence chains with the loop optimization or by reducing the number of IP updates (the c and ci optimizations) or their latency (the b optimization). Some benchmarks see speedups from these optimizations by factors > 2 on most recent cores, while other benchmarks and older cores see more modest results, often in the speedup ranges 1.1-1.3.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Software and its engineering → Virtual machines
  • Computer systems organization → Superscalar architectures
  • Software and its engineering → Interpreters
Keywords
  • virtual machine
  • interpreter
  • out-of-order execution

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