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Self-Testing of a Single Quantum Device Under Computational Assumptions Metger, Tony Vidick, Thomas Quantum computing quantum cryptography device-independence self-testing post-quantum cryptography Self-testing is a method to characterise an arbitrary quantum system based only on its classical input-output correlations, and plays an important role in device-independent quantum information processing as well as quantum complexity theory. Prior works on self-testing require the assumption that the system’s state is shared among multiple parties that only perform local measurements and cannot communicate. Here, we replace the setting of multiple non-communicating parties, which is difficult to enforce in practice, by a single computationally bounded party. Specifically, we construct a protocol that allows a classical verifier to robustly certify that a single computationally bounded quantum device must have prepared a Bell pair and performed single-qubit measurements on it, up to a change of basis applied to both the device’s state and measurements. This means that under computational assumptions, the verifier is able to certify the presence of entanglement, a property usually closely associated with two separated subsystems, inside a single quantum device. To achieve this, we build on techniques first introduced by Brakerski et al. (2018) and Mahadev (2018) which allow a classical verifier to constrain the actions of a quantum device assuming the device does not break post-quantum cryptography. Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik Tony Metger and Thomas Vidick 2021 Is Part Of LIPIcs, Volume 185, 12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021) InProceedings Text doc-type:ResearchArticle publishedVersion application/pdf doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.19 urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-135581 https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.19 eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode