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Loosely-Stabilizing Leader Election on Arbitrary Graphs in Population Protocols Without Identifiers nor Random Numbers Sudo, Yuichi Ooshita, Fukuhito Kakugawa, Hirotsugu Masuzawa, Toshimitsu Loose-stabilization Population protocols Leader election In the population protocol model Angluin et al. proposed in 2004, there exists no self-stabilizing leader election protocol for complete graphs, arbitrary graphs, trees, lines, degree-bounded graphs and so on unless the protocol knows the exact number of nodes. To circumvent the impossibility, we introduced the concept of loose-stabilization in 2009, which relaxes the closure requirement of self-stabilization. A loosely-stabilizing protocol guarantees that starting from any initial configuration a system reaches a safe configuration, and after that, the system keeps its specification (e.g. the unique leader) not forever, but for a sufficiently long time (e.g. exponentially large time with respect to the number of nodes). Our previous works presented two loosely-stabilizing leader election protocols for arbitrary graphs; One uses agent identifiers and the other uses random numbers to elect a unique leader. In this paper, we present a loosely-stabilizing protocol that solves leader election on arbitrary graphs without agent identifiers nor random numbers. By the combination of virus-propagation and token-circulation, the proposed protocol achieves polynomial convergence time and exponential holding time without such external entities. Specifically, given upper bounds N and Delta of the number of nodes n and the maximum degree of nodes delta respectively, it reaches a safe configuration within O(m*n^3*d + m*N*Delta^2*log(N)) expected steps, and keeps the unique leader for Omega(N*e^N) expected steps where m is the number of edges and d is the diameter of the graph. To measure the time complexity of the protocol, we assume the uniformly random scheduler which is widely used in the field of the population protocols. Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik Yuichi Sudo and Fukuhito Ooshita and Hirotsugu Kakugawa and Toshimitsu Masuzawa 2016 Is Part Of LIPIcs, Volume 46, 19th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS 2015) InProceedings Text doc-type:ResearchArticle publishedVersion application/pdf doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2015.14 urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-66054 https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2015.14 eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode