Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 362, 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)
Mridul Ahi, Keerti Choudhary, Shlok Pande, Pushpraj, and Lakshay Saggi. Maximum-Flow and Minimum-Cut Sensitivity Oracles for Directed Graphs. In 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 362, pp. 5:1-5:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)
@InProceedings{ahi_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.5,
author = {Ahi, Mridul and Choudhary, Keerti and Pande, Shlok and Pushpraj and Saggi, Lakshay},
title = {{Maximum-Flow and Minimum-Cut Sensitivity Oracles for Directed Graphs}},
booktitle = {17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)},
pages = {5:1--5:24},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-410-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2026},
volume = {362},
editor = {Saraf, Shubhangi},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.5},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-252920},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.5},
annote = {Keywords: Fault tolerance, Data structures, Minimum cuts, Maximum flows}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 360, 45th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2025)
Chaitanya Nalam and Thatchaphol Saranurak. Finding Small Dijoins in Transitive Closure Time. In 45th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 360, pp. 46:1-46:11, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{nalam_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2025.46,
author = {Nalam, Chaitanya and Saranurak, Thatchaphol},
title = {{Finding Small Dijoins in Transitive Closure Time}},
booktitle = {45th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2025)},
pages = {46:1--46:11},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-406-2},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {360},
editor = {Aiswarya, C. and Mehta, Ruta and Roy, Subhajit},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2025.46},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-251265},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2025.46},
annote = {Keywords: Graph algorithms, Dijoin, Submodular flow}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 360, 45th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2025)
Archit Chauhan, Samir Datta, and M. Praveen. Parallel Complexity of Depth-First-Search and Maximal Path in Restricted Graph Classes. In 45th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 360, pp. 23:1-23:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{chauhan_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2025.23,
author = {Chauhan, Archit and Datta, Samir and Praveen, M.},
title = {{Parallel Complexity of Depth-First-Search and Maximal Path in Restricted Graph Classes}},
booktitle = {45th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2025)},
pages = {23:1--23:21},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-406-2},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {360},
editor = {Aiswarya, C. and Mehta, Ruta and Roy, Subhajit},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2025.23},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-251041},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2025.23},
annote = {Keywords: Parallel Complexity, Graph Algorithms, Depth First Search, Maximal Path, Planar Graphs, Minor-Free, Treewidth, Logspace}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 356, 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025)
Corinna Coupette, Alipasha Montaseri, and Christoph Lenzen. Model-Agnostic Approximation of Constrained Forest Problems. In 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 356, pp. 25:1-25:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{coupette_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2025.25,
author = {Coupette, Corinna and Montaseri, Alipasha and Lenzen, Christoph},
title = {{Model-Agnostic Approximation of Constrained Forest Problems}},
booktitle = {39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025)},
pages = {25:1--25:24},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-402-4},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {356},
editor = {Kowalski, Dariusz R.},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.25},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248420},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.25},
annote = {Keywords: Distributed Graph Algorithms, Model-Agnostic Algorithms, Steiner Forest}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 351, 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)
Gerth Stølting Brodal, Michael T. Goodrich, John Iacono, Jared Lo, Ulrich Meyer, Victor Pagan, Nodari Sitchinava, and Rolf Svenning. External-Memory Priority Queues with Optimal Insertions. In 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 351, pp. 5:1-5:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{brodal_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2025.5,
author = {Brodal, Gerth St{\o}lting and Goodrich, Michael T. and Iacono, John and Lo, Jared and Meyer, Ulrich and Pagan, Victor and Sitchinava, Nodari and Svenning, Rolf},
title = {{External-Memory Priority Queues with Optimal Insertions}},
booktitle = {33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)},
pages = {5:1--5:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-395-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {351},
editor = {Benoit, Anne and Kaplan, Haim and Wild, Sebastian and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.5},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-244734},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.5},
annote = {Keywords: priority queues, external memory, cache aware, amortized complexity}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 349, 19th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures (WADS 2025)
Sergio Cabello. Testing Whether a Subgraph Is Convex or Isometric. In 19th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures (WADS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 349, pp. 12:1-12:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{cabello:LIPIcs.WADS.2025.12,
author = {Cabello, Sergio},
title = {{Testing Whether a Subgraph Is Convex or Isometric}},
booktitle = {19th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures (WADS 2025)},
pages = {12:1--12:16},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-398-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {349},
editor = {Morin, Pat and Oh, Eunjin},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.WADS.2025.12},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-242439},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.WADS.2025.12},
annote = {Keywords: convex subgraph, isometric subgraph, plane graph}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 349, 19th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures (WADS 2025)
Lorenzo De Stefani and Vedant Gupta. On the I/O Complexity of the Cocke-Younger-Kasami Algorithm and of a Family of Related Dynamic Programming Algorithms. In 19th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures (WADS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 349, pp. 49:1-49:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{destefani_et_al:LIPIcs.WADS.2025.49,
author = {De Stefani, Lorenzo and Gupta, Vedant},
title = {{On the I/O Complexity of the Cocke-Younger-Kasami Algorithm and of a Family of Related Dynamic Programming Algorithms}},
booktitle = {19th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures (WADS 2025)},
pages = {49:1--49:24},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-398-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {349},
editor = {Morin, Pat and Oh, Eunjin},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.WADS.2025.49},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-242800},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.WADS.2025.49},
annote = {Keywords: I/O complexity, Dynamic Programming Algorithms, Lower Bounds, Recomputation, Cocke-Younger-Kasami}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 345, 50th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2025)
Jingyang Zhao and Mingyu Xiao. Improved Approximation Algorithms for Capacitated Vehicle Routing with Fixed Capacity. In 50th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 345, pp. 93:1-93:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{zhao_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2025.93,
author = {Zhao, Jingyang and Xiao, Mingyu},
title = {{Improved Approximation Algorithms for Capacitated Vehicle Routing with Fixed Capacity}},
booktitle = {50th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2025)},
pages = {93:1--93:19},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-388-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {345},
editor = {Gawrychowski, Pawe{\l} and Mazowiecki, Filip and Skrzypczak, Micha{\l}},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2025.93},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-242008},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2025.93},
annote = {Keywords: Combinatorial Optimization, Capacitated Vehicle Routing, Approximation Algorithms, Graph Algorithms}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 338, 23rd International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA 2025)
Stefan Funke, Claudius Proissl, and Sabine Storandt. Computing the Exact Radius of Large Graphs. In 23rd International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 338, pp. 17:1-17:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{funke_et_al:LIPIcs.SEA.2025.17,
author = {Funke, Stefan and Proissl, Claudius and Storandt, Sabine},
title = {{Computing the Exact Radius of Large Graphs}},
booktitle = {23rd International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA 2025)},
pages = {17:1--17:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-375-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {338},
editor = {Mutzel, Petra and Prezza, Nicola},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SEA.2025.17},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-232555},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.SEA.2025.17},
annote = {Keywords: Radius, Graph Center, LP-type, Combinatorial Dimension}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 334, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)
Ishan Bansal, Joe Cheriyan, Sanjeev Khanna, and Miles Simmons. Improved Approximation Algorithms for Capacitated Network Design and Flexible Graph Connectivity. In 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 334, pp. 20:1-20:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{bansal_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.20,
author = {Bansal, Ishan and Cheriyan, Joe and Khanna, Sanjeev and Simmons, Miles},
title = {{Improved Approximation Algorithms for Capacitated Network Design and Flexible Graph Connectivity}},
booktitle = {52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)},
pages = {20:1--20:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-372-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {334},
editor = {Censor-Hillel, Keren and Grandoni, Fabrizio and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Puppis, Gabriele},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.20},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-233973},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.20},
annote = {Keywords: Approximation algorithms, Capacitated network design, Covering small cuts, Edge-connectivity of graphs, f-Connectivity problem, Flexible Graph Connectivity, Knapsack-cover inequalities}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 334, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)
Sanjeev Khanna, Aaron Putterman, and Madhu Sudan. A Theory of Spectral CSP Sparsification. In 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 334, pp. 107:1-107:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{khanna_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.107,
author = {Khanna, Sanjeev and Putterman, Aaron and Sudan, Madhu},
title = {{A Theory of Spectral CSP Sparsification}},
booktitle = {52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)},
pages = {107:1--107:12},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-372-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {334},
editor = {Censor-Hillel, Keren and Grandoni, Fabrizio and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Puppis, Gabriele},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.107},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-234840},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.107},
annote = {Keywords: Sparsification, sketching, hypergraphs}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 334, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)
Shucheng Chi, Ran Duan, Benyu Wang, and Tianle Xie. Undirected 3-Fault Replacement Path in Nearly Cubic Time. In 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 334, pp. 57:1-57:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{chi_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.57,
author = {Chi, Shucheng and Duan, Ran and Wang, Benyu and Xie, Tianle},
title = {{Undirected 3-Fault Replacement Path in Nearly Cubic Time}},
booktitle = {52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)},
pages = {57:1--57:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-372-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {334},
editor = {Censor-Hillel, Keren and Grandoni, Fabrizio and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Puppis, Gabriele},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.57},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-234346},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.57},
annote = {Keywords: Graph Algorithm, Shortest Path, Replacement Path}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 334, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)
Gramoz Goranci, Adam Karczmarz, Ali Momeni, and Nikos Parotsidis. Fully Dynamic Algorithms for Transitive Reduction. In 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 334, pp. 92:1-92:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{goranci_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.92,
author = {Goranci, Gramoz and Karczmarz, Adam and Momeni, Ali and Parotsidis, Nikos},
title = {{Fully Dynamic Algorithms for Transitive Reduction}},
booktitle = {52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)},
pages = {92:1--92:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-372-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {334},
editor = {Censor-Hillel, Keren and Grandoni, Fabrizio and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Puppis, Gabriele},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.92},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-234697},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.92},
annote = {Keywords: Spectral sparsification, Dynamic algorithms, (Directed) hypergraphs, Data structures}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 331, 36th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2025)
Jonas Ellert, Paweł Gawrychowski, and Tatiana Starikovskaya. Minimal Generators in Optimal Time. In 36th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 331, pp. 14:1-14:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{ellert_et_al:LIPIcs.CPM.2025.14,
author = {Ellert, Jonas and Gawrychowski, Pawe{\l} and Starikovskaya, Tatiana},
title = {{Minimal Generators in Optimal Time}},
booktitle = {36th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2025)},
pages = {14:1--14:19},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-369-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {331},
editor = {Bonizzoni, Paola and M\"{a}kinen, Veli},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2025.14},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-231082},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2025.14},
annote = {Keywords: string algorithms, walking on words, minimal generator, palindromic substrings, general unordered alphabet, decision tree complexity}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 328, 28th International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT 2025)
Xiao Hu and Zhiang Wu. Optimal Oblivious Algorithms for Multi-Way Joins. In 28th International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 328, pp. 25:1-25:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{hu_et_al:LIPIcs.ICDT.2025.25,
author = {Hu, Xiao and Wu, Zhiang},
title = {{Optimal Oblivious Algorithms for Multi-Way Joins}},
booktitle = {28th International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT 2025)},
pages = {25:1--25:19},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-364-5},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {328},
editor = {Roy, Sudeepa and Kara, Ahmet},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICDT.2025.25},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-229662},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICDT.2025.25},
annote = {Keywords: oblivious algorithms, multi-way joins, worst-case optimality}
}