39 Search Results for "Chan, Timothy F. N."


Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
On the Fine-Grained Complexity of Small-Size Geometric Set Cover and Discrete k-Center for Small k

Authors: Timothy M. Chan, Qizheng He, and Yuancheng Yu

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 261, 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023)


Abstract
We study the time complexity of the discrete k-center problem and related (exact) geometric set cover problems when k or the size of the cover is small. We obtain a plethora of new results: - We give the first subquadratic algorithm for rectilinear discrete 3-center in 2D, running in Õ(n^{3/2}) time. - We prove a lower bound of Ω(n^{4/3-δ}) for rectilinear discrete 3-center in 4D, for any constant δ > 0, under a standard hypothesis about triangle detection in sparse graphs. - Given n points and n weighted axis-aligned unit squares in 2D, we give the first subquadratic algorithm for finding a minimum-weight cover of the points by 3 unit squares, running in Õ(n^{8/5}) time. We also prove a lower bound of Ω(n^{3/2-δ}) for the same problem in 2D, under the well-known APSP Hypothesis. For arbitrary axis-aligned rectangles in 2D, our upper bound is Õ(n^{7/4}). - We prove a lower bound of Ω(n^{2-δ}) for Euclidean discrete 2-center in 13D, under the Hyperclique Hypothesis. This lower bound nearly matches the straightforward upper bound of Õ(n^ω), if the matrix multiplication exponent ω is equal to 2. - We similarly prove an Ω(n^{k-δ}) lower bound for Euclidean discrete k-center in O(k) dimensions for any constant k ≥ 3, under the Hyperclique Hypothesis. This lower bound again nearly matches known upper bounds if ω = 2. - We also prove an Ω(n^{2-δ}) lower bound for the problem of finding 2 boxes to cover the largest number of points, given n points and n boxes in 12D . This matches the straightforward near-quadratic upper bound.

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan, Qizheng He, and Yuancheng Yu. On the Fine-Grained Complexity of Small-Size Geometric Set Cover and Discrete k-Center for Small k. In 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 261, pp. 34:1-34:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.34,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M. and He, Qizheng and Yu, Yuancheng},
  title =	{{On the Fine-Grained Complexity of Small-Size Geometric Set Cover and Discrete k-Center for Small k}},
  booktitle =	{50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023)},
  pages =	{34:1--34:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-278-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{261},
  editor =	{Etessami, Kousha and Feige, Uriel and Puppis, Gabriele},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.34},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180868},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.34},
  annote =	{Keywords: Geometric set cover, discrete k-center, conditional lower bounds}
}
Document
Constant-Hop Spanners for More Geometric Intersection Graphs, with Even Smaller Size

Authors: Timothy M. Chan and Zhengcheng Huang

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 258, 39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023)


Abstract
In SoCG 2022, Conroy and Tóth presented several constructions of sparse, low-hop spanners in geometric intersection graphs, including an O(nlog n)-size 3-hop spanner for n disks (or fat convex objects) in the plane, and an O(nlog² n)-size 3-hop spanner for n axis-aligned rectangles in the plane. Their work left open two major questions: (i) can the size be made closer to linear by allowing larger constant stretch? and (ii) can near-linear size be achieved for more general classes of intersection graphs? We address both questions simultaneously, by presenting new constructions of constant-hop spanners that have almost linear size and that hold for a much larger class of intersection graphs. More precisely, we prove the existence of an O(1)-hop spanner for arbitrary string graphs with O(nα_k(n)) size for any constant k, where α_k(n) denotes the k-th function in the inverse Ackermann hierarchy. We similarly prove the existence of an O(1)-hop spanner for intersection graphs of d-dimensional fat objects with O(nα_k(n)) size for any constant k and d. We also improve on some of Conroy and Tóth’s specific previous results, in either the number of hops or the size: we describe an O(nlog n)-size 2-hop spanner for disks (or more generally objects with linear union complexity) in the plane, and an O(nlog n)-size 3-hop spanner for axis-aligned rectangles in the plane. Our proofs are all simple, using separator theorems, recursion, shifted quadtrees, and shallow cuttings.

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan and Zhengcheng Huang. Constant-Hop Spanners for More Geometric Intersection Graphs, with Even Smaller Size. In 39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 258, pp. 23:1-23:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.23,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M. and Huang, Zhengcheng},
  title =	{{Constant-Hop Spanners for More Geometric Intersection Graphs, with Even Smaller Size}},
  booktitle =	{39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023)},
  pages =	{23:1--23:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-273-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{258},
  editor =	{Chambers, Erin W. and Gudmundsson, Joachim},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.23},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-178738},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.23},
  annote =	{Keywords: Hop spanners, geometric intersection graphs, string graphs, fat objects, separators, shallow cuttings}
}
Document
Minimum L_∞ Hausdorff Distance of Point Sets Under Translation: Generalizing Klee’s Measure Problem

Authors: Timothy M. Chan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 258, 39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023)


Abstract
We present a (combinatorial) algorithm with running time close to O(n^d) for computing the minimum directed L_∞ Hausdorff distance between two sets of n points under translations in any constant dimension d. This substantially improves the best previous time bound near O(n^{5d/4}) by Chew, Dor, Efrat, and Kedem from more than twenty years ago. Our solution is obtained by a new generalization of Chan’s algorithm [FOCS'13] for Klee’s measure problem. To complement this algorithmic result, we also prove a nearly matching conditional lower bound close to Ω(n^d) for combinatorial algorithms, under the Combinatorial k-Clique Hypothesis.

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan. Minimum L_∞ Hausdorff Distance of Point Sets Under Translation: Generalizing Klee’s Measure Problem. In 39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 258, pp. 24:1-24:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{chan:LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.24,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M.},
  title =	{{Minimum L\underline∞ Hausdorff Distance of Point Sets Under Translation: Generalizing Klee’s Measure Problem}},
  booktitle =	{39th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2023)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-273-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{258},
  editor =	{Chambers, Erin W. and Gudmundsson, Joachim},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-178741},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2023.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: Hausdorff distance, geometric optimization, Klee’s measure problem, fine-grained complexity}
}
Document
Worst-Case Efficient Dynamic Geometric Independent Set

Authors: Jean Cardinal, John Iacono, and Grigorios Koumoutsos

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 204, 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)


Abstract
We consider the problem of maintaining an approximate maximum independent set of geometric objects under insertions and deletions. We present a data structure that maintains a constant-factor approximate maximum independent set for broad classes of fat objects in d dimensions, where d is assumed to be a constant, in sublinear worst-case update time. This gives the first results for dynamic independent set in a wide variety of geometric settings, such as disks, fat polygons, and their high-dimensional equivalents. For axis-aligned squares and hypercubes, our result improves upon all (recently announced) previous works. We obtain, in particular, a dynamic (4+ε)-approximation for squares, with O(log⁴ n) worst-case update time. Our result is obtained via a two-level approach. First, we develop a dynamic data structure which stores all objects and provides an approximate independent set when queried, with output-sensitive running time. We show that via standard methods such a structure can be used to obtain a dynamic algorithm with amortized update time bounds. Then, to obtain worst-case update time algorithms, we develop a generic deamortization scheme that with each insertion/deletion keeps (i) the update time bounded and (ii) the number of changes in the independent set constant. We show that such a scheme is applicable to fat objects by showing an appropriate generalization of a separator theorem. Interestingly, we show that our deamortization scheme is also necessary in order to obtain worst-case update bounds: If for a class of objects our scheme is not applicable, then no constant-factor approximation with sublinear worst-case update time is possible. We show that such a lower bound applies even for seemingly simple classes of geometric objects including axis-aligned rectangles in the plane.

Cite as

Jean Cardinal, John Iacono, and Grigorios Koumoutsos. Worst-Case Efficient Dynamic Geometric Independent Set. In 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 204, pp. 25:1-25:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{cardinal_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2021.25,
  author =	{Cardinal, Jean and Iacono, John and Koumoutsos, Grigorios},
  title =	{{Worst-Case Efficient Dynamic Geometric Independent Set}},
  booktitle =	{29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)},
  pages =	{25:1--25:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-204-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{204},
  editor =	{Mutzel, Petra and Pagh, Rasmus and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.25},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-146061},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.25},
  annote =	{Keywords: Maximum independent set, deamortization, approximation}
}
Document
All-Pairs Shortest Paths for Real-Weighted Undirected Graphs with Small Additive Error

Authors: Timothy M. Chan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 204, 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)


Abstract
Given a graph with n vertices and real edge weights in [0,1], we investigate an approximate version of the standard all-pairs shortest paths (APSP) problem where distances are estimated with additive error at most ε. Yuster (2012) introduced this natural variant of approximate APSP, and presented an algorithm for directed graphs running in Õ(n^{(3+ω)/2}) ≤ O(n^{2.687}) time for an arbitrarily small constant ε > 0, where ω denotes the matrix multiplication exponent. We give a faster algorithm for undirected graphs running in Õ(n^{(3+ω²)/(ω+1)}) ≤ O(n^{2.559}) time for any constant ε > 0. If ω = 2, the time bound is Õ(n^{7/3}), matching a previous result for undirected graphs by Dor, Halperin, and Zwick (2000) which only guaranteed additive error at most 2.

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan. All-Pairs Shortest Paths for Real-Weighted Undirected Graphs with Small Additive Error. In 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 204, pp. 27:1-27:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{chan:LIPIcs.ESA.2021.27,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M.},
  title =	{{All-Pairs Shortest Paths for Real-Weighted Undirected Graphs with Small Additive Error}},
  booktitle =	{29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)},
  pages =	{27:1--27:9},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-204-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{204},
  editor =	{Mutzel, Petra and Pagh, Rasmus and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.27},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-146086},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.27},
  annote =	{Keywords: Shortest paths, approximation, matrix multiplication}
}
Document
Dynamic Colored Orthogonal Range Searching

Authors: Timothy M. Chan and Zhengcheng Huang

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 204, 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)


Abstract
In the colored orthogonal range reporting problem, we want a data structure for storing n colored points so that given a query axis-aligned rectangle, we can report the distinct colors among the points inside the rectangle. This natural problem has been studied in a series of papers, but most prior work focused on the static case. In this paper, we give a dynamic data structure in the 2D case which can answer queries in O(log^{1+o(1)} n + klog^{1/2+o(1)}n) time, where k denotes the output size (the number of distinct colors in the query range), and which can support insertions and deletions in O(log^{2+o(1)}n) time (amortized) in the standard RAM model. This is the first fully dynamic structure with polylogarithmic update time whose query cost per color reported is sublogarithmic (near √{log n}). We also give an alternative data structure with O(log^{1+o(1)} n + klog^{3/4+o(1)}n) query time and O(log^{3/2+o(1)}n) update time (amortized). We also mention extensions to higher constant dimensions.

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan and Zhengcheng Huang. Dynamic Colored Orthogonal Range Searching. In 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 204, pp. 28:1-28:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2021.28,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M. and Huang, Zhengcheng},
  title =	{{Dynamic Colored Orthogonal Range Searching}},
  booktitle =	{29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)},
  pages =	{28:1--28:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-204-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{204},
  editor =	{Mutzel, Petra and Pagh, Rasmus and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-146090},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: Range searching, dynamic data structures, word RAM}
}
Document
Improved Approximation Algorithms for Tverberg Partitions

Authors: Sariel Har-Peled and Timothy Zhou

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 204, 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)


Abstract
Tverberg’s theorem states that a set of n points in ℝ^d can be partitioned into ⌈n/(d+1)⌉ sets whose convex hulls all intersect. A point in the intersection (aka Tverberg point) is a centerpoint, or high-dimensional median, of the input point set. While randomized algorithms exist to find centerpoints with some failure probability, a partition for a Tverberg point provides a certificate of its correctness. Unfortunately, known algorithms for computing exact Tverberg points take n^{O(d²)} time. We provide several new approximation algorithms for this problem, which improve running time or approximation quality over previous work. In particular, we provide the first strongly polynomial (in both n and d) approximation algorithm for finding a Tverberg point.

Cite as

Sariel Har-Peled and Timothy Zhou. Improved Approximation Algorithms for Tverberg Partitions. In 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 204, pp. 51:1-51:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{harpeled_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2021.51,
  author =	{Har-Peled, Sariel and Zhou, Timothy},
  title =	{{Improved Approximation Algorithms for Tverberg Partitions}},
  booktitle =	{29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)},
  pages =	{51:1--51:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-204-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{204},
  editor =	{Mutzel, Petra and Pagh, Rasmus and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.51},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-146323},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.51},
  annote =	{Keywords: Geometric spanners, vertex failures, robustness}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
Algorithms, Reductions and Equivalences for Small Weight Variants of All-Pairs Shortest Paths

Authors: Timothy M. Chan, Virginia Vassilevska Williams, and Yinzhan Xu

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 198, 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)


Abstract
All-Pairs Shortest Paths (APSP) is one of the most well studied problems in graph algorithms. This paper studies several variants of APSP in unweighted graphs or graphs with small integer weights. APSP with small integer weights in undirected graphs [Seidel'95, Galil and Margalit'97] has an Õ(n^ω) time algorithm, where ω < 2.373 is the matrix multiplication exponent. APSP in directed graphs with small weights however, has a much slower running time that would be Ω(n^{2.5}) even if ω = 2 [Zwick'02]. To understand this n^{2.5} bottleneck, we build a web of reductions around directed unweighted APSP . We show that it is fine-grained equivalent to computing a rectangular Min-Plus product for matrices with integer entries; the dimensions and entry size of the matrices depend on the value of ω. As a consequence, we establish an equivalence between APSP in directed unweighted graphs, APSP in directed graphs with small (Õ(1)) integer weights, All-Pairs Longest Paths in DAGs with small weights, cRed-APSP in undirected graphs with small weights, for any c ≥ 2 (computing all-pairs shortest path distances among paths that use at most c red edges), #_{≤ c}APSP in directed graphs with small weights (counting the number of shortest paths for each vertex pair, up to c), and approximate APSP with additive error c in directed graphs with small weights, for c ≤ Õ(1). We also provide fine-grained reductions from directed unweighted APSP to All-Pairs Shortest Lightest Paths (APSLP) in undirected graphs with {0,1} weights and #_{mod c}APSP in directed unweighted graphs (computing counts mod c), thus showing that unless the current algorithms for APSP in directed unweighted graphs can be improved substantially, these problems need at least Ω(n^{2.528}) time. We complement our hardness results with new algorithms. We improve the known algorithms for APSLP in directed graphs with small integer weights (previously studied by Zwick [STOC'99]) and for approximate APSP with sublinear additive error in directed unweighted graphs (previously studied by Roditty and Shapira [ICALP'08]). Our algorithm for approximate APSP with sublinear additive error is optimal, when viewed as a reduction to Min-Plus product. We also give new algorithms for variants of #APSP (such as #_{≤ U}APSP and #_{mod U}APSP for U ≤ n^{Õ(1)}) in unweighted graphs, as well as a near-optimal Õ(n³)-time algorithm for the original #APSP problem in unweighted graphs (when counts may be exponentially large). This also implies an Õ(n³)-time algorithm for Betweenness Centrality, improving on the previous Õ(n⁴) running time for the problem. Our techniques also lead to a simpler alternative to Shoshan and Zwick’s algorithm [FOCS'99] for the original APSP problem in undirected graphs with small integer weights.

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan, Virginia Vassilevska Williams, and Yinzhan Xu. Algorithms, Reductions and Equivalences for Small Weight Variants of All-Pairs Shortest Paths. In 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 198, pp. 47:1-47:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.47,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M. and Vassilevska Williams, Virginia and Xu, Yinzhan},
  title =	{{Algorithms, Reductions and Equivalences for Small Weight Variants of All-Pairs Shortest Paths}},
  booktitle =	{48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)},
  pages =	{47:1--47:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-195-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{198},
  editor =	{Bansal, Nikhil and Merelli, Emanuela and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.47},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-141166},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.47},
  annote =	{Keywords: All-Pairs Shortest Paths, Fine-Grained Complexity, Graph Algorithm}
}
Document
Invited Talk
3SUM and Related Problems in Fine-Grained Complexity (Invited Talk)

Authors: Virginia Vassilevska Williams

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 189, 37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021)


Abstract
3SUM is a simple to state problem: given a set S of n numbers, determine whether S contains three a,b,c so that a+b+c = 0. The fastest algorithms for the problem run in n² poly(log log n)/(log n)² time both when the input numbers are integers [Ilya Baran et al., 2005] (in the word RAM model with O(log n) bit words) and when they are real numbers [Timothy M. Chan, 2020] (in the real RAM model). A hypothesis that is now central in Fine-Grained Complexity (FGC) states that 3SUM requires n^{2-o(1)} time (on the real RAM for real inputs and on the word RAM with O(log n) bit numbers for integer inputs). This hypothesis was first used in Computational Geometry by Gajentaan and Overmars [A. Gajentaan and M. Overmars, 1995] who built a web of reductions showing that many geometric problems are hard, assuming that 3SUM is hard. The web of reductions within computational geometry has grown considerably since then (see some citations in [V. Vassilevska Williams, 2018]). A seminal paper by Pǎtraşcu [Mihai Pǎtraşcu, 2010] showed that the integer version of the 3SUM hypothesis can be used to prove polynomial conditional lower bounds for several problems in data structures and graph algorithms as well, extending the implications of the hypothesis to outside computational geometry. Pǎtraşcu proved an important tight equivalence between (integer) 3SUM and a problem called 3SUM-Convolution (see also [Timothy M. Chan and Qizheng He, 2020]) that is easier to use in reductions: given an integer array a of length n, do there exist i,j ∈ [n] so that a[i]+a[j] = a[i+j]. From 3SUM-Convolution, many 3SUM-based hardness results have been proven: e.g. to listing graphs in triangles, dynamically maintaining shortest paths or bipartite matching, subset intersection and many more. It is interesting to consider more runtime-equivalent formulations of 3SUM, with the goal of uncovering more relationships to different problems. The talk will outline some such equivalences. For instance, 3SUM (over the reals or the integers) is equivalent to All-Numbers-3SUM: given a set S of n numbers, determine for every a ∈ S whether there are b,c ∈ S with a+b+c = 0 (e.g. [V. Vassilevska Williams and R. Williams, 2018]). The equivalences between 3SUM, 3SUM-Convolution and All-Numbers 3SUM are (n²,n²)-fine-grained equivalences that imply that if there is an O(n^{2-ε}) time algorithm for one of the problems for ε > 0, then there is also an O(n^{2-ε'}) time algorithm for the other problems for some ε' > 0. More generally, for functions a(n),b(n), there is an (a,b)-fine-grained reduction [V. Vassilevska Williams, 2018; V. Vassilevska Williams and R. Williams, 2010; V. Vassilevska Williams and R. Williams, 2018] from problem A to problem B if for every ε > 0 there is a δ > 0 and an O(a(n)^{1-δ}) time algorithm for A that does oracle calls to instances of B of sizes n₁,…,n_k (for some k) so that ∑_{j = 1}^k b(n_j)^{1-ε} ≤ a(n)^{1-δ}. With such a reduction, an O(b(n)^{1-ε}) time algorithm for B can be converted into an O(a(n)^{1-δ}) time algorithm for A by replacing the oracle calls by calls to the B algorithm. A and B are (a,b)-fine-grained equivalent if A (a,b)-reduces to B and B (b,a)-reduces to A. One of the main open problems in FGC is to determine the relationship between 3SUM and the other central FGC problems, in particular All-Pairs Shortest Paths (APSP). A classical graph problem, APSP in n node graphs has been known to be solvable in O(n³) time since the 1950s. Its fastest known algorithm runs in n³/exp(√{log n}) time [Ryan Williams, 2014]. The APSP Hypothesis states that n^{3-o(1)} time is needed to solve APSP in graphs with integer edge weights in the word-RAM model with O(log n) bit words. It is unknown whether APSP and 3SUM are fine-grained reducible to each other, in either direction. The two problems are very similar. Problems such as (min,+)-convolution (believed to require n^{2-o(1)} time) have tight fine-grained reductions to both APSP and 3SUM, and both 3SUM and APSP have tight fine-grained reductions to problems such as Exact Triangle [V. Vassilevska Williams and R. Williams, 2018; V. Vassilevska and R. Williams, 2009; V. Vassilevska Williams and Ryan Williams, 2013] and (since very recently) Listing triangles in sparse graphs [Mihai Pǎtraşcu, 2010; Tsvi Kopelowitz et al., 2016; V. Vassilevska Williams and Yinzhan Xu, 2020]. The talk will discuss these relationships and some of their implications, e.g. to dynamic algorithms.

Cite as

Virginia Vassilevska Williams. 3SUM and Related Problems in Fine-Grained Complexity (Invited Talk). In 37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 189, pp. 2:1-2:2, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{vassilevskawilliams:LIPIcs.SoCG.2021.2,
  author =	{Vassilevska Williams, Virginia},
  title =	{{3SUM and Related Problems in Fine-Grained Complexity}},
  booktitle =	{37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:2},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-184-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{189},
  editor =	{Buchin, Kevin and Colin de Verdi\`{e}re, \'{E}ric},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2021.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-138014},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2021.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: fine-grained complexity}
}
Document
Faster Algorithms for Largest Empty Rectangles and Boxes

Authors: Timothy M. Chan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 189, 37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021)


Abstract
We revisit a classical problem in computational geometry: finding the largest-volume axis-aligned empty box (inside a given bounding box) amidst n given points in d dimensions. Previously, the best algorithms known have running time O(nlog²n) for d = 2 (by Aggarwal and Suri [SoCG'87]) and near n^d for d ≥ 3. We describe faster algorithms with running time - O(n2^{O(log^*n)}log n) for d = 2, - O(n^{2.5+o(1)}) time for d = 3, and - Õ(n^{(5d+2)/6}) time for any constant d ≥ 4. To obtain the higher-dimensional result, we adapt and extend previous techniques for Klee’s measure problem to optimize certain objective functions over the complement of a union of orthants.

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan. Faster Algorithms for Largest Empty Rectangles and Boxes. In 37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 189, pp. 24:1-24:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{chan:LIPIcs.SoCG.2021.24,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M.},
  title =	{{Faster Algorithms for Largest Empty Rectangles and Boxes}},
  booktitle =	{37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-184-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{189},
  editor =	{Buchin, Kevin and Colin de Verdi\`{e}re, \'{E}ric},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2021.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-138231},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2021.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: Largest empty rectangle, largest empty box, Klee’s measure problem}
}
Document
More Dynamic Data Structures for Geometric Set Cover with Sublinear Update Time

Authors: Timothy M. Chan and Qizheng He

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 189, 37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021)


Abstract
We study geometric set cover problems in dynamic settings, allowing insertions and deletions of points and objects. We present the first dynamic data structure that can maintain an O(1)-approximation in sublinear update time for set cover for axis-aligned squares in 2D . More precisely, we obtain randomized update time O(n^{2/3+δ}) for an arbitrarily small constant δ > 0. Previously, a dynamic geometric set cover data structure with sublinear update time was known only for unit squares by Agarwal, Chang, Suri, Xiao, and Xue [SoCG 2020]. If only an approximate size of the solution is needed, then we can also obtain sublinear amortized update time for disks in 2D and halfspaces in 3D . As a byproduct, our techniques for dynamic set cover also yield an optimal randomized O(nlog n)-time algorithm for static set cover for 2D disks and 3D halfspaces, improving our earlier O(nlog n(log log n)^{O(1)}) result [SoCG 2020].

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan and Qizheng He. More Dynamic Data Structures for Geometric Set Cover with Sublinear Update Time. In 37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 189, pp. 25:1-25:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2021.25,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M. and He, Qizheng},
  title =	{{More Dynamic Data Structures for Geometric Set Cover with Sublinear Update Time}},
  booktitle =	{37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021)},
  pages =	{25:1--25:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-184-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{189},
  editor =	{Buchin, Kevin and Colin de Verdi\`{e}re, \'{E}ric},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2021.25},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-138244},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2021.25},
  annote =	{Keywords: Geometric set cover, approximation algorithms, dynamic data structures, sublinear algorithms, random sampling}
}
Document
Simple Multi-Pass Streaming Algorithms for Skyline Points and Extreme Points

Authors: Timothy M. Chan and Saladi Rahul

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 187, 38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021)


Abstract
In this paper, we present simple randomized multi-pass streaming algorithms for fundamental computational geometry problems of finding the skyline (maximal) points and the extreme points of the convex hull. For the skyline problem, one of our algorithm occupies O(h) space and performs O(log n) passes, where h is the number of skyline points. This improves the space bound of the currently best known result by Das Sarma, Lall, Nanongkai, and Xu [VLDB'09] by a logarithmic factor. For the extreme points problem, we present the first non-trivial result for any constant dimension greater than two: an O(h log^{O(1)}n) space and O(log^dn) pass algorithm, where h is the number of extreme points. Finally, we argue why randomization seems unavoidable for these problems, by proving lower bounds on the performance of deterministic algorithms for a related problem of finding maximal elements in a poset.

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan and Saladi Rahul. Simple Multi-Pass Streaming Algorithms for Skyline Points and Extreme Points. In 38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 187, pp. 22:1-22:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2021.22,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M. and Rahul, Saladi},
  title =	{{Simple Multi-Pass Streaming Algorithms for Skyline Points and Extreme Points}},
  booktitle =	{38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021)},
  pages =	{22:1--22:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-180-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{187},
  editor =	{Bl\"{a}ser, Markus and Monmege, Benjamin},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2021.22},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-136674},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2021.22},
  annote =	{Keywords: multi-pass streaming algorithms, skyline, convex hull, extreme points, randomized algorithms}
}
Document
More on Change-Making and Related Problems

Authors: Timothy M. Chan and Qizheng He

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 173, 28th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2020)


Abstract
Given a set of n integer-valued coin types and a target value t, the well-known change-making problem asks for the minimum number of coins that sum to t, assuming an unlimited number of coins in each type. In the more general all-targets version of the problem, we want the minimum number of coins summing to j, for every j = 0,…,t. For example, the textbook dynamic programming algorithms can solve the all-targets problem in O(nt) time. Recently, Chan and He (SOSA'20) described a number of O(t polylog t)-time algorithms for the original (single-target) version of the change-making problem, but not the all-targets version. In this paper, we obtain a number of new results on change-making and related problems: - We present a new algorithm for the all-targets change-making problem with running time Õ(t^{4/3}), improving a previous Õ(t^{3/2})-time algorithm. - We present a very simple Õ(u²+t)-time algorithm for the all-targets change-making problem, where u denotes the maximum coin value. The analysis of the algorithm uses a theorem of Erdős and Graham (1972) on the Frobenius problem. This algorithm can be extended to solve the all-capacities version of the unbounded knapsack problem (for integer item weights bounded by u). - For the original (single-target) coin changing problem, we describe a simple modification of one of Chan and He’s algorithms that runs in Õ(u) time (instead of Õ(t)). - For the original (single-capacity) unbounded knapsack problem, we describe a simple algorithm that runs in Õ(nu) time, improving previous near-u²-time algorithms. - We also observe how one of our ideas implies a new result on the minimum word break problem, an optimization version of a string problem studied by Bringmann et al. (FOCS'17), generalizing change-making (which corresponds to the unary special case).

Cite as

Timothy M. Chan and Qizheng He. More on Change-Making and Related Problems. In 28th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 173, pp. 29:1-29:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)


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@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2020.29,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy M. and He, Qizheng},
  title =	{{More on Change-Making and Related Problems}},
  booktitle =	{28th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2020)},
  pages =	{29:1--29:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-162-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{173},
  editor =	{Grandoni, Fabrizio and Herman, Grzegorz and Sanders, Peter},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2020.29},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-128958},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2020.29},
  annote =	{Keywords: Coin changing, knapsack, dynamic programming, Frobenius problem, fine-grained complexity}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
Matrices of Optimal Tree-Depth and Row-Invariant Parameterized Algorithm for Integer Programming

Authors: Timothy F. N. Chan, Jacob W. Cooper, Martin Koutecký, Daniel Král', and Kristýna Pekárková

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 168, 47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020)


Abstract
A long line of research on fixed parameter tractability of integer programming culminated with showing that integer programs with n variables and a constraint matrix with tree-depth d and largest entry Δ are solvable in time g(d,Δ) poly(n) for some function g, i.e., fixed parameter tractable when parameterized by tree-depth d and Δ. However, the tree-depth of a constraint matrix depends on the positions of its non-zero entries and thus does not reflect its geometric structure. In particular, tree-depth of a constraint matrix is not preserved by row operations, i.e., a given integer program can be equivalent to another with a smaller dual tree-depth. We prove that the branch-depth of the matroid defined by the columns of the constraint matrix is equal to the minimum tree-depth of a row-equivalent matrix. We also design a fixed parameter algorithm parameterized by an integer d and the entry complexity of an input matrix that either outputs a matrix with the smallest dual tree-depth that is row-equivalent to the input matrix or outputs that there is no matrix with dual tree-depth at most d that is row-equivalent to the input matrix. Finally, we use these results to obtain a fixed parameter algorithm for integer programming parameterized by the branch-depth of the input constraint matrix and the entry complexity. The parameterization by branch-depth cannot be replaced by the more permissive notion of branch-width.

Cite as

Timothy F. N. Chan, Jacob W. Cooper, Martin Koutecký, Daniel Král', and Kristýna Pekárková. Matrices of Optimal Tree-Depth and Row-Invariant Parameterized Algorithm for Integer Programming. In 47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 168, pp. 26:1-26:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)


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@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.26,
  author =	{Chan, Timothy F. N. and Cooper, Jacob W. and Kouteck\'{y}, Martin and Kr\'{a}l', Daniel and Pek\'{a}rkov\'{a}, Krist\'{y}na},
  title =	{{Matrices of Optimal Tree-Depth and Row-Invariant Parameterized Algorithm for Integer Programming}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020)},
  pages =	{26:1--26:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-138-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{168},
  editor =	{Czumaj, Artur and Dawar, Anuj and Merelli, Emanuela},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.26},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-124339},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.26},
  annote =	{Keywords: Matroid algorithms, width parameters, integer programming, fixed parameter tractability, branch-width, branch-depth}
}
Document
Testing Polynomials for Vanishing on Cartesian Products of Planar Point Sets

Authors: Boris Aronov, Esther Ezra, and Micha Sharir

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 164, 36th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2020)


Abstract
We present subquadratic algorithms, in the algebraic decision-tree model of computation, for detecting whether there exists a triple of points, belonging to three respective sets A, B, and C of points in the plane, that satisfy a certain polynomial equation or two equations. The best known instance of such a problem is testing for the existence of a collinear triple of points in A×B×C, a classical 3SUM-hard problem that has so far defied any attempt to obtain a subquadratic solution, whether in the (uniform) real RAM model, or in the algebraic decision-tree model. While we are still unable to solve this problem, in full generality, in subquadratic time, we obtain such a solution, in the algebraic decision-tree model, that uses only roughly O(n^(28/15)) constant-degree polynomial sign tests, for the special case where two of the sets lie on one-dimensional curves and the third is placed arbitrarily in the plane. Our technique is fairly general, and applies to any other problem where we seek a triple that satisfies a single polynomial equation, e.g., determining whether A× B× C contains a triple spanning a unit-area triangle. This result extends recent work by Barba et al. [Luis Barba et al., 2019] and by Chan [Timothy M. Chan, 2020], where all three sets A, B, and C are assumed to be one-dimensional. While there are common features in the high-level approaches, here and in [Luis Barba et al., 2019], the actual analysis in this work becomes more involved and requires new methods and techniques, involving polynomial partitions and other related tools. As a second application of our technique, we again have three n-point sets A, B, and C in the plane, and we want to determine whether there exists a triple (a,b,c) ∈ A×B×C that simultaneously satisfies two real polynomial equations. For example, this is the setup when testing for the existence of pairs of similar triangles spanned by the input points, in various contexts discussed later in the paper. We show that problems of this kind can be solved with roughly O(n^(24/13)) constant-degree polynomial sign tests. These problems can be extended to higher dimensions in various ways, and we present subquadratic solutions to some of these extensions, in the algebraic decision-tree model.

Cite as

Boris Aronov, Esther Ezra, and Micha Sharir. Testing Polynomials for Vanishing on Cartesian Products of Planar Point Sets. In 36th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 164, pp. 8:1-8:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)


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@InProceedings{aronov_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2020.8,
  author =	{Aronov, Boris and Ezra, Esther and Sharir, Micha},
  title =	{{Testing Polynomials for Vanishing on Cartesian Products of Planar Point Sets}},
  booktitle =	{36th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2020)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-143-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{164},
  editor =	{Cabello, Sergio and Chen, Danny Z.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2020.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-121666},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2020.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic decision tree, Polynomial partition, Collinearity testing, 3SUM-hard problems, Polynomials vanishing on Cartesian products}
}
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