14 Search Results for "Saurabh, Nitin"

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.30
Randomized and Quantum Query Complexities of Finding a King in a Tournament

Authors: Nikhil S. Mande, Manaswi Paraashar, and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 284, 43rd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2023)

Abstract
A tournament is a complete directed graph. It is well known that every tournament contains at least one vertex v such that every other vertex is reachable from v by a path of length at most 2. All such vertices v are called kings of the underlying tournament. Despite active recent research in the area, the best-known upper and lower bounds on the deterministic query complexity (with query access to directions of edges) of finding a king in a tournament on n vertices are from over 20 years ago, and the bounds do not match: the best-known lower bound is Ω(n^{4/3}) and the best-known upper bound is O(n^{3/2}) [Shen, Sheng, Wu, SICOMP'03]. Our contribution is to show tight bounds (up to logarithmic factors) of Θ̃(n) and Θ̃(√n) in the randomized and quantum query models, respectively. We also study the randomized and quantum query complexities of finding a maximum out-degree vertex in a tournament.
Cite as

Nikhil S. Mande, Manaswi Paraashar, and Nitin Saurabh. Randomized and Quantum Query Complexities of Finding a King in a Tournament. In 43rd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 284, pp. 30:1-30:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{mande_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.30,
  author =	{Mande, Nikhil S. and Paraashar, Manaswi and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{Randomized and Quantum Query Complexities of Finding a King in a Tournament}},
  booktitle =	{43rd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2023)},
  pages =	{30:1--30:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-304-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{284},
  editor =	{Bouyer, Patricia and Srinivasan, Srikanth},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.30},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-194039},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.30},
  annote =	{Keywords: Query complexity, quantum computing, randomized query complexity, tournament solutions, search problems}
}
Document
RANDOM
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.63
On the Composition of Randomized Query Complexity and Approximate Degree

Authors: Sourav Chakraborty, Chandrima Kayal, Rajat Mittal, Manaswi Paraashar, Swagato Sanyal, and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 275, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2023)

Abstract
For any Boolean functions f and g, the question whether R(f∘g) = Θ̃(R(f) ⋅ R(g)), is known as the composition question for the randomized query complexity. Similarly, the composition question for the approximate degree asks whether deg̃(f∘g) = Θ̃(deg̃(f)⋅deg̃(g)). These questions are two of the most important and well-studied problems in the field of analysis of Boolean functions, and yet we are far from answering them satisfactorily. It is known that the measures compose if one assumes various properties of the outer function f (or inner function g). This paper extends the class of outer functions for which R and deg̃ compose. A recent landmark result (Ben-David and Blais, 2020) showed that R(f∘g) = Ω(noisyR(f)⋅ R(g)). This implies that composition holds whenever noisyR(f) = Θ̃(R(f)). We show two results: 1. When R(f) = Θ(n), then noisyR(f) = Θ(R(f)). In other words, composition holds whenever the randomized query complexity of the outer function is full. 2. If R composes with respect to an outer function, then noisyR also composes with respect to the same outer function. On the other hand, no result of the type deg̃(f∘g) = Ω(M(f) ⋅ deg̃(g)) (for some non-trivial complexity measure M(⋅)) was known to the best of our knowledge. We prove that deg̃(f∘g) = Ω̃(√{bs(f)} ⋅ deg̃(g)), where bs(f) is the block sensitivity of f. This implies that deg̃ composes when deg̃(f) is asymptotically equal to √{bs(f)}. It is already known that both R and deg̃ compose when the outer function is symmetric. We also extend these results to weaker notions of symmetry with respect to the outer function.
Cite as

Sourav Chakraborty, Chandrima Kayal, Rajat Mittal, Manaswi Paraashar, Swagato Sanyal, and Nitin Saurabh. On the Composition of Randomized Query Complexity and Approximate Degree. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 275, pp. 63:1-63:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{chakraborty_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.63,
  author =	{Chakraborty, Sourav and Kayal, Chandrima and Mittal, Rajat and Paraashar, Manaswi and Sanyal, Swagato and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{On the Composition of Randomized Query Complexity and Approximate Degree}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2023)},
  pages =	{63:1--63:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-296-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{275},
  editor =	{Megow, Nicole and Smith, Adam},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.63},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-188883},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.63},
  annote =	{Keywords: Approximate degree, Boolean functions, Composition Theorem, Partial functions, Randomized Query Complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.74
Karchmer-Wigderson Games for Hazard-Free Computation

Authors: Christian Ikenmeyer, Balagopal Komarath, and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 251, 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023)

Abstract
We present a Karchmer-Wigderson game to study the complexity of hazard-free formulas. This new game is both a generalization of the monotone Karchmer-Wigderson game and an analog of the classical Boolean Karchmer-Wigderson game. Therefore, it acts as a bridge between the existing monotone and general games. Using this game, we prove hazard-free formula size and depth lower bounds that are provably stronger than those possible by the standard technique of transferring results from monotone complexity in a black-box fashion. For the multiplexer function we give (1) a hazard-free formula of optimal size and (2) an improved low-depth hazard-free formula of almost optimal size and (3) a hazard-free formula with alternation depth 2 that has optimal depth. We then use our optimal constructions to obtain an improved universal worst-case hazard-free formula size upper bound. We see our results as a step towards establishing hazard-free computation as an independent missing link between Boolean complexity and monotone complexity.
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Christian Ikenmeyer, Balagopal Komarath, and Nitin Saurabh. Karchmer-Wigderson Games for Hazard-Free Computation. In 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 251, pp. 74:1-74:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{ikenmeyer_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.74,
  author =	{Ikenmeyer, Christian and Komarath, Balagopal and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{Karchmer-Wigderson Games for Hazard-Free Computation}},
  booktitle =	{14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023)},
  pages =	{74:1--74:25},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-263-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{251},
  editor =	{Tauman Kalai, Yael},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.74},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-175775},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.74},
  annote =	{Keywords: Hazard-free computation, monotone computation, Karchmer-Wigderson games, communication complexity, lower bounds}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.65
Rabbits Approximate, Cows Compute Exactly!

Authors: Balagopal Komarath, Anurag Pandey, and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)

Abstract
Valiant, in his seminal paper in 1979, showed an efficient simulation of algebraic formulas by determinants, showing that VF, the class of polynomial families computable by polynomial-sized algebraic formulas, is contained in VDet, the class of polynomial families computable by polynomial-sized determinants. Whether this containment is strict has been a long-standing open problem. We show that algebraic formulas can in fact be efficiently simulated by the determinant of tetradiagonal matrices, transforming the open problem into a problem about determinant of general matrices versus determinant of tetradiagonal matrices with just three non-zero diagonals. This is also optimal in a sense that we cannot hope to get the same result for matrices with only two non-zero diagonals or even tridiagonal matrices, thanks to Allender and Wang (Computational Complexity'16) which showed that the determinant of tridiagonal matrices cannot even compute simple polynomials like x_1 x_2 + x_3 x_4 + ⋯ + x_15 x_16. Our proof involves a structural refinement of the simulation of algebraic formulas by width-3 algebraic branching programs by Ben-Or and Cleve (SIAM Journal of Computing'92). The tetradiagonal matrices we obtain in our proof are also structurally very similar to the tridiagonal matrices of Bringmann, Ikenmeyer and Zuiddam (JACM'18) which showed that, if we allow approximations in the sense of geometric complexity theory, algebraic formulas can be efficiently simulated by the determinant of tridiagonal matrices of a very special form, namely the continuant polynomial. The continuant polynomial family is closely related to the Fibonacci sequence, which was used to model the breeding of rabbits. The determinants of our tetradiagonal matrices, in comparison, is closely related to Narayana’s cows sequences, which was originally used to model the breeding of cows. Our result shows that the need for approximation can be eliminated by using Narayana’s cows polynomials instead of continuant polynomials, or equivalently, shifting one of the outer diagonals of a tridiagonal matrix one place away from the center. Conversely, we observe that the determinant (or, permanent) of band matrices can be computed by polynomial-sized algebraic formulas when the bandwidth is bounded by a constant, showing that the determinant (or, permanent) of bandwidth k matrices for all constants k ≥ 2 yield VF-complete polynomial families. In particular, this implies that the determinant of tetradiagonal matrices in general and Narayana’s cows polynomials in particular yield complete polynomial families for the class VF.
Cite as

Balagopal Komarath, Anurag Pandey, and Nitin Saurabh. Rabbits Approximate, Cows Compute Exactly!. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 65:1-65:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{komarath_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.65,
  author =	{Komarath, Balagopal and Pandey, Anurag and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{Rabbits Approximate, Cows Compute Exactly!}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{65:1--65:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.65},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168637},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.65},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic complexity theory, Algebraic complexity classes, Determinant versus permanent, Algebraic formulas, Algebraic branching programs, Band matrices, Tridiagonal matrices, Tetradiagonal matrices, Continuant, Narayana’s cow sequence, Padovan sequence}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.28
Tight Lower Bounds for Approximate & Exact k-Center in ℝ^d

Authors: Rajesh Chitnis and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 224, 38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022)

Abstract
In the discrete k-Center problem, we are given a metric space (P,dist) where |P| = n and the goal is to select a set C ⊆ P of k centers which minimizes the maximum distance of a point in P from its nearest center. For any ε > 0, Agarwal and Procopiuc [SODA '98, Algorithmica '02] designed an (1+ε)-approximation algorithm for this problem in d-dimensional Euclidean space which runs in O(dn log k) + (k/ε)^{O (k^{1-1/d})}⋅ n^{O(1)} time. In this paper we show that their algorithm is essentially optimal: if for some d ≥ 2 and some computable function f, there is an f(k)⋅(1/ε)^{o (k^{1-1/d})} ⋅ n^{o (k^{1-1/d})} time algorithm for (1+ε)-approximating the discrete k-Center on n points in d-dimensional Euclidean space then the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH) fails. We obtain our lower bound by designing a gap reduction from a d-dimensional constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) to discrete d-dimensional k-Center. This reduction has the property that there is a fixed value ε (depending on the CSP) such that the optimal radius of k-Center instances corresponding to satisfiable and unsatisfiable instances of the CSP is < 1 and ≥ (1+ε) respectively. Our claimed lower bound on the running time for approximating discrete k-Center in d-dimensions then follows from the lower bound due to Marx and Sidiropoulos [SoCG '14] for checking the satisfiability of the aforementioned d-dimensional CSP. As a byproduct of our reduction, we also obtain that the exact algorithm of Agarwal and Procopiuc [SODA '98, Algorithmica '02] which runs in n^{O (d⋅ k^{1-1/d})} time for discrete k-Center on n points in d-dimensional Euclidean space is asymptotically optimal. Formally, we show that if for some d ≥ 2 and some computable function f, there is an f(k)⋅n^{o (k^{1-1/d})} time exact algorithm for the discrete k-Center problem on n points in d-dimensional Euclidean space then the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH) fails. Previously, such a lower bound was only known for d = 2 and was implicit in the work of Marx [IWPEC '06].
Cite as

Rajesh Chitnis and Nitin Saurabh. Tight Lower Bounds for Approximate & Exact k-Center in ℝ^d. In 38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 224, pp. 28:1-28:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{chitnis_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.28,
  author =	{Chitnis, Rajesh and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{Tight Lower Bounds for Approximate \& Exact k-Center in \mathbb{R}^d}},
  booktitle =	{38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022)},
  pages =	{28:1--28:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-227-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{224},
  editor =	{Goaoc, Xavier and Kerber, Michael},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-160365},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2022.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: k-center, Euclidean space, Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH), lower bound}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2021.14
Functional Lower Bounds for Restricted Arithmetic Circuits of Depth Four

Authors: Suryajith Chillara

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 213, 41st IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2021)

Abstract
Recently, Forbes, Kumar and Saptharishi [CCC, 2016] proved that there exists an explicit d^{O(1)}-variate and degree d polynomial P_{d} ∈ VNP such that if any depth four circuit C of bounded formal degree d which computes a polynomial of bounded individual degree O(1), that is functionally equivalent to P_d, then C must have size 2^Ω(√dlog{d}). The motivation for their work comes from Boolean Circuit Complexity. Based on a characterization for ACC⁰ circuits by Yao [FOCS, 1985] and Beigel and Tarui [CC, 1994], Forbes, Kumar and Saptharishi [CCC, 2016] observed that functions in ACC⁰ can also be computed by algebraic Σ∧ΣΠ circuits (i.e., circuits of the form - sums of powers of polynomials) of 2^(log^O(1) n) size. Thus they argued that a 2^{ω(polylog n)} "functional" lower bound for an explicit polynomial Q against Σ∧ΣΠ circuits would imply a lower bound for the "corresponding Boolean function" of Q against non-uniform ACC⁰. In their work, they ask if their lower bound be extended to Σ∧ΣΠ circuits. In this paper, for large integers n and d such that ω(log²n) ≤ d ≤ n^{0.01}, we show that any Σ∧ΣΠ circuit of bounded individual degree at most O(d/k²) that functionally computes Iterated Matrix Multiplication polynomial IMM_{n,d} (∈ VP) over {0,1}^{n²d} must have size n^Ω(k). Since Iterated Matrix Multiplication IMM_{n,d} over {0,1}^{n²d} is functionally in GapL, improvement of the afore mentioned lower bound to hold for quasipolynomially large values of individual degree would imply a fine-grained separation of ACC⁰ from GapL. For the sake of completeness, we also show a syntactic size lower bound against any Σ∧ΣΠ circuit computing IMM_{n,d} (for the same regime of d) which is tight over large fields. Like Forbes, Kumar and Saptharishi [CCC, 2016], we too prove lower bounds against circuits of bounded formal degree which functionally compute IMM_{n,d}, for a slightly larger range of individual degree.
Cite as

Suryajith Chillara. Functional Lower Bounds for Restricted Arithmetic Circuits of Depth Four. In 41st IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 213, pp. 14:1-14:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{chillara:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2021.14,
  author =	{Chillara, Suryajith},
  title =	{{Functional Lower Bounds for Restricted Arithmetic Circuits of Depth Four}},
  booktitle =	{41st IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2021)},
  pages =	{14:1--14:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-215-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{213},
  editor =	{Boja\'{n}czyk, Miko{\l}aj and Chekuri, Chandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2021.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-155251},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2021.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: Functional Lower Bounds, Boolean Circuit Lower Bounds, Depth Four, Connections to Boolean Complexity, Iterated Matrix Multiplication}
}
Document
Extended Abstract
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.87
Complexity Measures on the Symmetric Group and Beyond (Extended Abstract)

Authors: Neta Dafni, Yuval Filmus, Noam Lifshitz, Nathan Lindzey, and Marc Vinyals

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 185, 12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)

Abstract
We extend the definitions of complexity measures of functions to domains such as the symmetric group. The complexity measures we consider include degree, approximate degree, decision tree complexity, sensitivity, block sensitivity, and a few others. We show that these complexity measures are polynomially related for the symmetric group and for many other domains. To show that all measures but sensitivity are polynomially related, we generalize classical arguments of Nisan and others. To add sensitivity to the mix, we reduce to Huang’s sensitivity theorem using "pseudo-characters", which witness the degree of a function. Using similar ideas, we extend the characterization of Boolean degree 1 functions on the symmetric group due to Ellis, Friedgut and Pilpel to the perfect matching scheme. As another application of our ideas, we simplify the characterization of maximum-size t-intersecting families in the symmetric group and the perfect matching scheme.
Cite as

Neta Dafni, Yuval Filmus, Noam Lifshitz, Nathan Lindzey, and Marc Vinyals. Complexity Measures on the Symmetric Group and Beyond (Extended Abstract). In 12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 185, pp. 87:1-87:5, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{dafni_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.87,
  author =	{Dafni, Neta and Filmus, Yuval and Lifshitz, Noam and Lindzey, Nathan and Vinyals, Marc},
  title =	{{Complexity Measures on the Symmetric Group and Beyond}},
  booktitle =	{12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)},
  pages =	{87:1--87:5},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-177-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{185},
  editor =	{Lee, James R.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.87},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-136267},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.87},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computational Complexity Theory, Analysis of Boolean Functions, Complexity Measures, Extremal Combinatorics}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.10
Optimal Output Sensitive Fault Tolerant Cuts

Authors: Niranka Banerjee, Venkatesh Raman, and Saket Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 182, 40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020)

Abstract
In this paper we consider two classic cut-problems, Global Min-Cut and Min k-Cut, via the lens of fault tolerant network design. In particular, given a graph G on n vertices, and a positive integer f, our objective is to compute an upper bound on the size of the sparsest subgraph H of G that preserves edge connectivity of G (denoted by λ(G)) in the case of Global Min-Cut, and λ(G,k) (denotes the minimum number of edges whose removal would partition the graph into at least k connected components) in the case of Min k-Cut, upon failure of any f edges of G. The subgraph H corresponding to Global Min-Cut and Min k-Cut is called f-FTCS and f-FT-k-CS, respectively. We obtain the following results about the sizes of f-FTCS and f-FT-k-CS. - There exists an f-FTCS with (n-1)(f+λ(G)) edges. We complement this upper bound with a matching lower bound, by constructing an infinite family of graphs where any f-FTCS must have at least ((n-λ(G)-1)(λ(G)+f-1))/2+(n-λ(G)-1)+/λ(G)(λ(G)+1))/2 edges. - There exists an f-FT-k-CS with min{(2f+λ(G,k)-(k-1))(n-1), (f+λ(G,k))(n-k)+𝓁} edges. We complement this upper bound with a lower bound, by constructing an infinite family of graphs where any f-FT-k-CS must have at least ((n-λ(G,k)-1)(λ(G,k)+f-k+1))/2)+n-λ(G,k)+k-3+((λ(G,k)-k+3)(λ(G,k)-k+2))/2 edges. Our upper bounds exploit the structural properties of k-connectivity certificates. On the other hand, for our lower bounds we construct an infinite family of graphs, such that for any graph in the family any f-FTCS (or f-FT-k-CS) must contain all its edges. We also add that our upper bounds are constructive. That is, there exist polynomial time algorithms that construct H with the aforementioned number of edges.
Cite as

Niranka Banerjee, Venkatesh Raman, and Saket Saurabh. Optimal Output Sensitive Fault Tolerant Cuts. In 40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 182, pp. 10:1-10:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{banerjee_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.10,
  author =	{Banerjee, Niranka and Raman, Venkatesh and Saurabh, Saket},
  title =	{{Optimal Output Sensitive Fault Tolerant Cuts}},
  booktitle =	{40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-174-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{182},
  editor =	{Saxena, Nitin and Simon, Sunil},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-132515},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: Fault tolerant, minimum cuts, upper bound, lower bound}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.18
Parameterized Complexity of Feedback Vertex Sets on Hypergraphs

Authors: Pratibha Choudhary, Lawqueen Kanesh, Daniel Lokshtanov, Fahad Panolan, and Saket Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 182, 40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020)

Abstract
A feedback vertex set in a hypergraph H is a set of vertices S such that deleting S from H results in an acyclic hypergraph. Here, deleting a vertex means removing the vertex and all incident hyperedges, and a hypergraph is acyclic if its vertex-edge incidence graph is acyclic. We study the (parameterized complexity of) the Hypergraph Feedback Vertex Set (HFVS) problem: given as input a hypergraph H and an integer k, determine whether H has a feedback vertex set of size at most k. It is easy to see that this problem generalizes the classic Feedback Vertex Set (FVS) problem on graphs. Remarkably, despite the central role of FVS in parameterized algorithms and complexity, the parameterized complexity of a generalization of FVS to hypergraphs has not been studied previously. In this paper, we fill this void. Our main results are as follows - HFVS is W[2]-hard (as opposed to FVS, which is fixed parameter tractable). - If the input hypergraph is restricted to a linear hypergraph (no two hyperedges intersect in more than one vertex), HFVS admits a randomized algorithm with running time 2^{𝒪(k³log k)}n^{𝒪(1)}. - If the input hypergraph is restricted to a d-hypergraph (hyperedges have cardinality at most d), then HFVS admits a deterministic algorithm with running time d^{𝒪(k)}n^{𝒪(1)}. The algorithm for linear hypergraphs combines ideas from the randomized algorithm for FVS by Becker et al. [J. Artif. Intell. Res., 2000] with the branching algorithm for Point Line Cover by Langerman and Morin [Discrete & Computational Geometry, 2005].
Cite as

Pratibha Choudhary, Lawqueen Kanesh, Daniel Lokshtanov, Fahad Panolan, and Saket Saurabh. Parameterized Complexity of Feedback Vertex Sets on Hypergraphs. In 40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 182, pp. 18:1-18:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{choudhary_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.18,
  author =	{Choudhary, Pratibha and Kanesh, Lawqueen and Lokshtanov, Daniel and Panolan, Fahad and Saurabh, Saket},
  title =	{{Parameterized Complexity of Feedback Vertex Sets on Hypergraphs}},
  booktitle =	{40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020)},
  pages =	{18:1--18:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-174-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{182},
  editor =	{Saxena, Nitin and Simon, Sunil},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-132596},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: feedback vertex sets, hypergraphs, FPT, randomized algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.24
On the (Parameterized) Complexity of Almost Stable Marriage

Authors: Sushmita Gupta, Pallavi Jain, Sanjukta Roy, Saket Saurabh, and Meirav Zehavi

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 182, 40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020)

Abstract
In the Stable Marriage problem, when the preference lists are complete, all agents of the smaller side can be matched. However, this need not be true when preference lists are incomplete. In most real-life situations, where agents participate in the matching market voluntarily and submit their preferences, it is natural to assume that each agent wants to be matched to someone in his/her preference list as opposed to being unmatched. In light of the Rural Hospital Theorem, we have to relax the "no blocking pair" condition for stable matchings in order to match more agents. In this paper, we study the question of matching more agents with fewest possible blocking edges. In particular, the goal is to find a matching whose size exceeds that of a stable matching in the graph by at least t and has at most k blocking edges. We study this question in the realm of parameterized complexity with respect to several natural parameters, k,t,d, where d is the maximum length of a preference list. Unfortunately, the problem remains intractable even for the combined parameter k+t+d. Thus, we extend our study to the local search variant of this problem, in which we search for a matching that not only fulfills each of the above conditions but is "closest", in terms of its symmetric difference to the given stable matching, and obtain an FPT algorithm.
Cite as

Sushmita Gupta, Pallavi Jain, Sanjukta Roy, Saket Saurabh, and Meirav Zehavi. On the (Parameterized) Complexity of Almost Stable Marriage. In 40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 182, pp. 24:1-24:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{gupta_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.24,
  author =	{Gupta, Sushmita and Jain, Pallavi and Roy, Sanjukta and Saurabh, Saket and Zehavi, Meirav},
  title =	{{On the (Parameterized) Complexity of Almost Stable Marriage}},
  booktitle =	{40th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2020)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-174-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{182},
  editor =	{Saxena, Nitin and Simon, Sunil},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-132655},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2020.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: Stable Matching, Parameterized Complexity, Local Search}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.21
Algebraic Branching Programs, Border Complexity, and Tangent Spaces

Authors: Markus Bläser, Christian Ikenmeyer, Meena Mahajan, Anurag Pandey, and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 169, 35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020)

Abstract
Nisan showed in 1991 that the width of a smallest noncommutative single-(source,sink) algebraic branching program (ABP) to compute a noncommutative polynomial is given by the ranks of specific matrices. This means that the set of noncommutative polynomials with ABP width complexity at most k is Zariski-closed, an important property in geometric complexity theory. It follows that approximations cannot help to reduce the required ABP width. It was mentioned by Forbes that this result would probably break when going from single-(source,sink) ABPs to trace ABPs. We prove that this is correct. Moreover, we study the commutative monotone setting and prove a result similar to Nisan, but concerning the analytic closure. We observe the same behavior here: The set of polynomials with ABP width complexity at most k is closed for single-(source,sink) ABPs and not closed for trace ABPs. The proofs reveal an intriguing connection between tangent spaces and the vector space of flows on the ABP. We close with additional observations on VQP and the closure of VNP which allows us to establish a separation between the two classes.
Cite as

Markus Bläser, Christian Ikenmeyer, Meena Mahajan, Anurag Pandey, and Nitin Saurabh. Algebraic Branching Programs, Border Complexity, and Tangent Spaces. In 35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 169, pp. 21:1-21:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{blaser_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2020.21,
  author =	{Bl\"{a}ser, Markus and Ikenmeyer, Christian and Mahajan, Meena and Pandey, Anurag and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{Algebraic Branching Programs, Border Complexity, and Tangent Spaces}},
  booktitle =	{35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-156-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{169},
  editor =	{Saraf, Shubhangi},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-125733},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algebraic Branching Programs, Border Complexity, Tangent Spaces, Lower Bounds, Geometric Complexity Theory, Flows, VQP, VNP}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.45
Improved Bounds on Fourier Entropy and Min-Entropy

Authors: Srinivasan Arunachalam, Sourav Chakraborty, Michal Koucký, Nitin Saurabh, and Ronald de Wolf

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 154, 37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020)

Abstract
Given a Boolean function f:{-1,1}ⁿ→ {-1,1}, define the Fourier distribution to be the distribution on subsets of [n], where each S ⊆ [n] is sampled with probability f̂(S)². The Fourier Entropy-Influence (FEI) conjecture of Friedgut and Kalai [E. Friedgut and G. Kalai, 1996] seeks to relate two fundamental measures associated with the Fourier distribution: does there exist a universal constant C>0 such that ℍ(f̂²)≤ C⋅ Inf(f), where ℍ(f̂²) is the Shannon entropy of the Fourier distribution of f and Inf(f) is the total influence of f? In this paper we present three new contributions towards the FEI conjecture: ii) Our first contribution shows that ℍ(f̂²) ≤ 2⋅ aUC^⊕(f), where aUC^⊕(f) is the average unambiguous parity-certificate complexity of f. This improves upon several bounds shown by Chakraborty et al. [S. Chakraborty et al., 2016]. We further improve this bound for unambiguous DNFs. iii) We next consider the weaker Fourier Min-entropy-Influence (FMEI) conjecture posed by O'Donnell and others [R. O'Donnell et al., 2011; R. O'Donnell, 2014] which asks if ℍ_{∞}(f̂²) ≤ C⋅ Inf(f), where ℍ_{∞}(f̂²) is the min-entropy of the Fourier distribution. We show ℍ_{∞}(f̂²) ≤ 2⋅?_{min}^⊕(f), where ?_{min}^⊕(f) is the minimum parity certificate complexity of f. We also show that for all ε ≥ 0, we have ℍ_{∞}(f̂²) ≤ 2log (‖f̂‖_{1,ε}/(1-ε)), where ‖f̂‖_{1,ε} is the approximate spectral norm of f. As a corollary, we verify the FMEI conjecture for the class of read-k DNFs (for constant k). iv) Our third contribution is to better understand implications of the FEI conjecture for the structure of polynomials that 1/3-approximate a Boolean function on the Boolean cube. We pose a conjecture: no flat polynomial (whose non-zero Fourier coefficients have the same magnitude) of degree d and sparsity 2^ω(d) can 1/3-approximate a Boolean function. This conjecture is known to be true assuming FEI and we prove the conjecture unconditionally (i.e., without assuming the FEI conjecture) for a class of polynomials. We discuss an intriguing connection between our conjecture and the constant for the Bohnenblust-Hille inequality, which has been extensively studied in functional analysis.
Cite as

Srinivasan Arunachalam, Sourav Chakraborty, Michal Koucký, Nitin Saurabh, and Ronald de Wolf. Improved Bounds on Fourier Entropy and Min-Entropy. In 37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 154, pp. 45:1-45:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{arunachalam_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2020.45,
  author =	{Arunachalam, Srinivasan and Chakraborty, Sourav and Kouck\'{y}, Michal and Saurabh, Nitin and de Wolf, Ronald},
  title =	{{Improved Bounds on Fourier Entropy and Min-Entropy}},
  booktitle =	{37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020)},
  pages =	{45:1--45:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-140-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{154},
  editor =	{Paul, Christophe and Bl\"{a}ser, Markus},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.45},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119062},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.45},
  annote =	{Keywords: Fourier analysis of Boolean functions, FEI conjecture, query complexity, polynomial approximation, approximate degree, certificate complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.12
Space-Optimal Quasi-Gray Codes with Logarithmic Read Complexity

Authors: Diptarka Chakraborty, Debarati Das, Michal Koucký, and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 112, 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)

Abstract
A quasi-Gray code of dimension n and length l over an alphabet Sigma is a sequence of distinct words w_1,w_2,...,w_l from Sigma^n such that any two consecutive words differ in at most c coordinates, for some fixed constant c>0. In this paper we are interested in the read and write complexity of quasi-Gray codes in the bit-probe model, where we measure the number of symbols read and written in order to transform any word w_i into its successor w_{i+1}. We present construction of quasi-Gray codes of dimension n and length 3^n over the ternary alphabet {0,1,2} with worst-case read complexity O(log n) and write complexity 2. This generalizes to arbitrary odd-size alphabets. For the binary alphabet, we present quasi-Gray codes of dimension n and length at least 2^n - 20n with worst-case read complexity 6+log n and write complexity 2. This complements a recent result by Raskin [Raskin '17] who shows that any quasi-Gray code over binary alphabet of length 2^n has read complexity Omega(n). Our results significantly improve on previously known constructions and for the odd-size alphabets we break the Omega(n) worst-case barrier for space-optimal (non-redundant) quasi-Gray codes with constant number of writes. We obtain our results via a novel application of algebraic tools together with the principles of catalytic computation [Buhrman et al. '14, Ben-Or and Cleve '92, Barrington '89, Coppersmith and Grossman '75].
Cite as

Diptarka Chakraborty, Debarati Das, Michal Koucký, and Nitin Saurabh. Space-Optimal Quasi-Gray Codes with Logarithmic Read Complexity. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 12:1-12:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{chakraborty_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.12,
  author =	{Chakraborty, Diptarka and Das, Debarati and Kouck\'{y}, Michal and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{Space-Optimal Quasi-Gray Codes with Logarithmic Read Complexity}},
  booktitle =	{26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-081-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{112},
  editor =	{Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94750},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: Gray code, Space-optimal counter, Decision assignment tree, Cell probe model}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.493
Homomorphism Polynomials Complete for VP

Authors: Arnaud Durand, Meena Mahajan, Guillaume Malod, Nicolas de Rugy-Altherre, and Nitin Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 29, 34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014)

Abstract
The VP versus VNP question, introduced by Valiant, is probably the most important open question in algebraic complexity theory. Thanks to completeness results, a variant of this question, VBP versus VNP, can be succinctly restated as asking whether the permanent of a generic matrix can be written as a determinant of a matrix of polynomially bounded size. Strikingly, this restatement does not mention any notion of computational model. To get a similar restatement for the original and more fundamental question, and also to better understand the class itself, we need a complete polynomial for VP. Ad hoc constructions yielding complete polynomials were known, but not natural examples in the vein of the determinant. We give here several variants of natural complete polynomials for VP, based on the notion of graph homomorphism polynomials.
Cite as

Arnaud Durand, Meena Mahajan, Guillaume Malod, Nicolas de Rugy-Altherre, and Nitin Saurabh. Homomorphism Polynomials Complete for VP. In 34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 29, pp. 493-504, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{durand_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.493,
  author =	{Durand, Arnaud and Mahajan, Meena and Malod, Guillaume and de Rugy-Altherre, Nicolas and Saurabh, Nitin},
  title =	{{Homomorphism Polynomials Complete for VP}},
  booktitle =	{34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014)},
  pages =	{493--504},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-77-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{29},
  editor =	{Raman, Venkatesh and Suresh, S. P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.493},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-48665},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.493},
  annote =	{Keywords: algebraic complexity, graph homomorphism, polynomials, VP, VNP, completeness}
}
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