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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FUN.2021.10
Computational Fun with Sturdy and Flimsy Numbers

Authors: Trevor Clokie, Thomas F. Lidbetter, Antonio J. Molina Lovett, Jeffrey Shallit, and Leon Witzman

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 157, 10th International Conference on Fun with Algorithms (FUN 2021) (2020)

Abstract
Following Stolarsky, we say that a natural number n is flimsy in base b if some positive multiple of n has smaller digit sum in base b than n does; otherwise it is sturdy . We develop algorithmic methods for the study of sturdy and flimsy numbers. We provide some criteria for determining whether a number is sturdy. Focusing on the case of base b = 2, we study the computational problem of checking whether a given number is sturdy, giving several algorithms for the problem. We find two additional, previously unknown sturdy primes. We develop a method for determining which numbers with a fixed number of 0’s in binary are flimsy. Finally, we develop a method that allows us to estimate the number of k-flimsy numbers with n bits, and we provide explicit results for k = 3 and k = 5. Our results demonstrate the utility (and fun) of creating algorithms for number theory problems, based on methods of automata theory.
Cite as

Trevor Clokie, Thomas F. Lidbetter, Antonio J. Molina Lovett, Jeffrey Shallit, and Leon Witzman. Computational Fun with Sturdy and Flimsy Numbers. In 10th International Conference on Fun with Algorithms (FUN 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 157, pp. 10:1-10:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{clokie_et_al:LIPIcs.FUN.2021.10,
  author =	{Clokie, Trevor and Lidbetter, Thomas F. and Molina Lovett, Antonio J. and Shallit, Jeffrey and Witzman, Leon},
  title =	{{Computational Fun with Sturdy and Flimsy Numbers}},
  booktitle =	{10th International Conference on Fun with Algorithms (FUN 2021)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-145-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{157},
  editor =	{Farach-Colton, Martin and Prencipe, Giuseppe and Uehara, Ryuhei},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FUN.2021.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-127715},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FUN.2021.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: sturdy number, flimsy number, context-free grammar, finite automaton, enumeration}
}
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