16 Search Results for "Vazirani, Umesh"

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2024.21
Public-Key Pseudoentanglement and the Hardness of Learning Ground State Entanglement Structure

Authors: Adam Bouland, Bill Fefferman, Soumik Ghosh, Tony Metger, Umesh Vazirani, Chenyi Zhang, and Zixin Zhou

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 300, 39th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2024)

Abstract
Given a local Hamiltonian, how difficult is it to determine the entanglement structure of its ground state? We show that this problem is computationally intractable even if one is only trying to decide if the ground state is volume-law vs near area-law entangled. We prove this by constructing strong forms of pseudoentanglement in a public-key setting, where the circuits used to prepare the states are public knowledge. In particular, we construct two families of quantum circuits which produce volume-law vs near area-law entangled states, but nonetheless the classical descriptions of the circuits are indistinguishable under the Learning with Errors (LWE) assumption. Indistinguishability of the circuits then allows us to translate our construction to Hamiltonians. Our work opens new directions in Hamiltonian complexity, for example whether it is difficult to learn certain phases of matter.
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Adam Bouland, Bill Fefferman, Soumik Ghosh, Tony Metger, Umesh Vazirani, Chenyi Zhang, and Zixin Zhou. Public-Key Pseudoentanglement and the Hardness of Learning Ground State Entanglement Structure. In 39th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 300, pp. 21:1-21:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{bouland_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2024.21,
  author =	{Bouland, Adam and Fefferman, Bill and Ghosh, Soumik and Metger, Tony and Vazirani, Umesh and Zhang, Chenyi and Zhou, Zixin},
  title =	{{Public-Key Pseudoentanglement and the Hardness of Learning Ground State Entanglement Structure}},
  booktitle =	{39th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2024)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-331-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{300},
  editor =	{Santhanam, Rahul},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2024.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-204175},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2024.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum computing, Quantum complexity theory, entanglement}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2024.2
Quantum Pseudoentanglement

Authors: Scott Aaronson, Adam Bouland, Bill Fefferman, Soumik Ghosh, Umesh Vazirani, Chenyi Zhang, and Zixin Zhou

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 287, 15th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2024)

Abstract
Entanglement is a quantum resource, in some ways analogous to randomness in classical computation. Inspired by recent work of Gheorghiu and Hoban, we define the notion of "pseudoentanglement", a property exhibited by ensembles of efficiently constructible quantum states which are indistinguishable from quantum states with maximal entanglement. Our construction relies on the notion of quantum pseudorandom states - first defined by Ji, Liu and Song - which are efficiently constructible states indistinguishable from (maximally entangled) Haar-random states. Specifically, we give a construction of pseudoentangled states with entanglement entropy arbitrarily close to log n across every cut, a tight bound providing an exponential separation between computational vs information theoretic quantum pseudorandomness. We discuss applications of this result to Matrix Product State testing, entanglement distillation, and the complexity of the AdS/CFT correspondence. As compared with a previous version of this manuscript (arXiv:2211.00747v1) this version introduces a new pseudorandom state construction, has a simpler proof of correctness, and achieves a technically stronger result of low entanglement across all cuts simultaneously.
Cite as

Scott Aaronson, Adam Bouland, Bill Fefferman, Soumik Ghosh, Umesh Vazirani, Chenyi Zhang, and Zixin Zhou. Quantum Pseudoentanglement. In 15th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 287, pp. 2:1-2:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{aaronson_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2024.2,
  author =	{Aaronson, Scott and Bouland, Adam and Fefferman, Bill and Ghosh, Soumik and Vazirani, Umesh and Zhang, Chenyi and Zhou, Zixin},
  title =	{{Quantum Pseudoentanglement}},
  booktitle =	{15th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2024)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-309-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{287},
  editor =	{Guruswami, Venkatesan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2024.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-195300},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2024.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum computing, Quantum complexity theory, entanglement}
}
Document
APPROX
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.6
Facility Location in the Sublinear Geometric Model

Authors: Morteza Monemizadeh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 275, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2023)

Abstract
In the sublinear geometric model, we are provided with an oracle access to a point set P of n points in a bounded discrete space [Δ]², where Δ = n^O(1) is a polynomially bounded number in n. That is, we do not have direct access to the points, but we can make certain types of queries and there is an oracle that responds to our queries. The type of queries that we assume we can make in this paper, are range counting queries where ranges are axis-aligned rectangles (that are basic primitives in database [Srikanta Tirthapura and David P. Woodruff, 2012; Bentley, 1975; Mark de Berg et al., 2008], computational geometry [Pankaj K. Agarwal, 2004; Pankaj K. Agarwal et al., 1996; Boris Aronov et al., 2010; Boris Aronov et al., 2009], and machine learning [Menachem Sadigurschi and Uri Stemmer, 2021; Long and Tan, 1998; Michael J. Kearns and Umesh V. Vazirani, 1995; Michael J. Kearns and Umesh V. Vazirani, 1994]). The oracle then answers these queries by returning the number of points that are in queried ranges. Let {Alg} be an algorithm that (exactly or approximately) solves a problem 𝒫 in the sublinear geometric model. The query complexity of Alg is measured in terms of the number of queries that Alg makes to solve 𝒫. In this paper, we study the complexity of the (uniform) Euclidean facility location problem in the sublinear geometric model. We develop a randomized sublinear algorithm that with high probability, (1+ε)-approximates the cost of the Euclidean facility location problem of the point set P in the sublinear geometric model using Õ(√n) range counting queries. We complement this result by showing that approximating the cost of the Euclidean facility location problem within o(log(n))-factor in the sublinear geometric model using the sampling strategy that we propose for our sublinear algorithm needs Ω̃(n^{1/4}) RangeCount queries. We leave it as an open problem whether such a polynomial lower bound on the number of RangeCount queries exists for any randomized sublinear algorithm that approximates the cost of the facility location problem within a constant factor.
Cite as

Morteza Monemizadeh. Facility Location in the Sublinear Geometric Model. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 275, pp. 6:1-6:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{monemizadeh:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.6,
  author =	{Monemizadeh, Morteza},
  title =	{{Facility Location in the Sublinear Geometric Model}},
  booktitle =	{Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2023)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-296-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{275},
  editor =	{Megow, Nicole and Smith, Adam},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-188315},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2023.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Facility Location, Sublinear Geometric Model, Range Counting Queries}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.22
A Distribution Testing Oracle Separating QMA and QCMA

Authors: Anand Natarajan and Chinmay Nirkhe

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 264, 38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023)

Abstract
It is a long-standing open question in quantum complexity theory whether the definition of non-deterministic quantum computation requires quantum witnesses (QMA) or if classical witnesses suffice (QCMA). We make progress on this question by constructing a randomized classical oracle separating the respective computational complexity classes. Previous separations [Aaronson and Kuperberg, 2007; Bill Fefferman and Shelby Kimmel, 2018] required a quantum unitary oracle. The separating problem is deciding whether a distribution supported on regular un-directed graphs either consists of multiple connected components (yes instances) or consists of one expanding connected component (no instances) where the graph is given in an adjacency-list format by the oracle. Therefore, the oracle is a distribution over n-bit boolean functions.
Cite as

Anand Natarajan and Chinmay Nirkhe. A Distribution Testing Oracle Separating QMA and QCMA. In 38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 264, pp. 22:1-22:27, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{natarajan_et_al:LIPIcs.CCC.2023.22,
  author =	{Natarajan, Anand and Nirkhe, Chinmay},
  title =	{{A Distribution Testing Oracle Separating QMA and QCMA}},
  booktitle =	{38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023)},
  pages =	{22:1--22:27},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-282-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{264},
  editor =	{Ta-Shma, Amnon},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.22},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-182928},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.22},
  annote =	{Keywords: quantum non-determinism, complexity theory}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.6
Circuit Lower Bounds for Low-Energy States of Quantum Code Hamiltonians

Authors: Anurag Anshu and Chinmay Nirkhe

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 215, 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)

Abstract
The No Low-energy Trivial States (NLTS) conjecture of Freedman and Hastings [Freedman and Hastings, 2014] - which posits the existence of a local Hamiltonian with a super-constant quantum circuit lower bound on the complexity of all low-energy states - identifies a fundamental obstacle to the resolution of the quantum PCP conjecture. In this work, we provide new techniques, based on entropic and local indistinguishability arguments, that prove circuit lower bounds for all the low-energy states of local Hamiltonians arising from quantum error-correcting codes. For local Hamiltonians arising from nearly linear-rate or nearly linear-distance LDPC stabilizer codes, we prove super-constant circuit lower bounds for the complexity of all states of energy o(n). Such codes are known to exist and are not necessarily locally-testable, a property previously suspected to be essential for the NLTS conjecture. Curiously, such codes can also be constructed on a two-dimensional lattice, showing that low-depth states cannot accurately approximate the ground-energy even in physically relevant systems.
Cite as

Anurag Anshu and Chinmay Nirkhe. Circuit Lower Bounds for Low-Energy States of Quantum Code Hamiltonians. In 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 215, pp. 6:1-6:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{anshu_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.6,
  author =	{Anshu, Anurag and Nirkhe, Chinmay},
  title =	{{Circuit Lower Bounds for Low-Energy States of Quantum Code Hamiltonians}},
  booktitle =	{13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-217-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{215},
  editor =	{Braverman, Mark},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-156023},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: quantum pcps, local hamiltonians, error-correcting codes}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.36
Two Combinatorial MA-Complete Problems

Authors: Dorit Aharonov and Alex B. Grilo

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 185, 12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)

Abstract
Despite the interest in the complexity class MA, the randomized analog of NP, there are just a few known natural (promise-)MA-complete problems. The first such problem was found by Bravyi and Terhal (SIAM Journal of Computing 2009); this result was then followed by Crosson, Bacon and Brown (PRE 2010) and then by Bravyi (Quantum Information and Computation 2015). Surprisingly, each of these problems is either from or inspired by quantum computation. This fact makes it hard for classical complexity theorists to study these problems, and prevents potential progress, e.g., on the important question of derandomizing MA. In this note we define two new natural combinatorial problems and we prove their MA-completeness. The first problem, that we call approximately-clean approximate-connected-component (ACAC), gets as input a succinctly described graph, some of whose vertices are marked. The problem is to decide whether there is a connected component whose vertices are all unmarked, or the graph is far from having this property. The second problem, called SetCSP, generalizes in a novel way the standard constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) into constraints involving sets of strings. Technically, our proof that SetCSP is MA-complete is a fleshing out of an observation made in (Aharonov and Grilo, FOCS 2019), where it was noted that a restricted case of Bravyi and Terhal’s MA complete problem (namely, the uniform case) is already MA complete; and, moreover, that this restricted case can be stated using classical, combinatorial language. The fact that the first, arguably more natural, problem of ACAC is MA-hard follows quite naturally from this proof as well; while containment of ACAC in MA is simple, based on the theory of random walks. We notice that this work, along with a translation of the main result of Aharonov and Grilo to the SetCSP problem, implies that finding a gap-amplification procedure for SetCSP (in the spirit of the gap-amplification procedure introduced in Dinur’s PCP proof) would imply MA=NP. In fact, the problem of finding gap-amplification for SetCSP is equivalent to the MA=NP problem. This provides an alternative new path towards the major problem of derandomizing MA. Deriving a similar statement regarding gap amplification of a natural restriction of $ACAC$ remains an open question.
Cite as

Dorit Aharonov and Alex B. Grilo. Two Combinatorial MA-Complete Problems. In 12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 185, pp. 36:1-36:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{aharonov_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.36,
  author =	{Aharonov, Dorit and Grilo, Alex B.},
  title =	{{Two Combinatorial MA-Complete Problems}},
  booktitle =	{12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)},
  pages =	{36:1--36:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-177-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{185},
  editor =	{Lee, James R.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.36},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-135754},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.36},
  annote =	{Keywords: Merlin-Arthur proof systems, Constraint sastifation problem, Random walks}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2020.8
Simpler Proofs of Quantumness

Authors: Zvika Brakerski, Venkata Koppula, Umesh Vazirani, and Thomas Vidick

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 158, 15th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2020)

Abstract
A proof of quantumness is a method for provably demonstrating (to a classical verifier) that a quantum device can perform computational tasks that a classical device with comparable resources cannot. Providing a proof of quantumness is the first step towards constructing a useful quantum computer. There are currently three approaches for exhibiting proofs of quantumness: (i) Inverting a classically-hard one-way function (e.g. using Shor’s algorithm). This seems technologically out of reach. (ii) Sampling from a classically-hard-to-sample distribution (e.g. BosonSampling). This may be within reach of near-term experiments, but for all such tasks known verification requires exponential time. (iii) Interactive protocols based on cryptographic assumptions. The use of a trapdoor scheme allows for efficient verification, and implementation seems to require much less resources than (i), yet still more than (ii). In this work we propose a significant simplification to approach (iii) by employing the random oracle heuristic. (We note that we do not apply the Fiat-Shamir paradigm.) We give a two-message (challenge-response) proof of quantumness based on any trapdoor claw-free function. In contrast to earlier proposals we do not need an adaptive hard-core bit property. This allows the use of smaller security parameters and more diverse computational assumptions (such as Ring Learning with Errors), significantly reducing the quantum computational effort required for a successful demonstration.
Cite as

Zvika Brakerski, Venkata Koppula, Umesh Vazirani, and Thomas Vidick. Simpler Proofs of Quantumness. In 15th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 158, pp. 8:1-8:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{brakerski_et_al:LIPIcs.TQC.2020.8,
  author =	{Brakerski, Zvika and Koppula, Venkata and Vazirani, Umesh and Vidick, Thomas},
  title =	{{Simpler Proofs of Quantumness}},
  booktitle =	{15th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2020)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-146-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{158},
  editor =	{Flammia, Steven T.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2020.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120677},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2020.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: Proof of Quantumness, Random Oracle, Learning with Errors}
}
Document
Abstract
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.63
Computational Pseudorandomness, the Wormhole Growth Paradox, and Constraints on the AdS/CFT Duality (Abstract)

Authors: Adam Bouland, Bill Fefferman, and Umesh Vazirani

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 151, 11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020)

Abstract
The AdS/CFT correspondence is central to efforts to reconcile gravity and quantum mechanics, a fundamental goal of physics. It posits a duality between a gravitational theory in Anti de Sitter (AdS) space and a quantum mechanical conformal field theory (CFT), embodied in a map known as the AdS/CFT dictionary mapping states to states and operators to operators. This dictionary map is not well understood and has only been computed on special, structured instances. In this work we introduce cryptographic ideas to the study of AdS/CFT, and provide evidence that either the dictionary must be exponentially hard to compute, or else the quantum Extended Church-Turing thesis must be false in quantum gravity. Our argument has its origins in a fundamental paradox in the AdS/CFT correspondence known as the wormhole growth paradox. The paradox is that the CFT is believed to be "scrambling" - i.e. the expectation value of local operators equilibrates in polynomial time - whereas the gravity theory is not, because the interiors of certain black holes known as "wormholes" do not equilibrate and instead their volume grows at a linear rate for at least an exponential amount of time. So what could be the CFT dual to wormhole volume? Susskind’s proposed resolution was to equate the wormhole volume with the quantum circuit complexity of the CFT state. From a computer science perspective, circuit complexity seems like an unusual choice because it should be difficult to compute, in contrast to physical quantities such as wormhole volume. We show how to create pseudorandom quantum states in the CFT, thereby arguing that their quantum circuit complexity is not "feelable", in the sense that it cannot be approximated by any efficient experiment. This requires a specialized construction inspired by symmetric block ciphers such as DES and AES, since unfortunately existing constructions based on quantum-resistant one way functions cannot be used in the context of the wormhole growth paradox as only very restricted operations are allowed in the CFT. By contrast we argue that the wormhole volume is "feelable" in some general but non-physical sense. The duality between a "feelable" quantity and an "unfeelable" quantity implies that some aspect of this duality must have exponential complexity. More precisely, it implies that either the dictionary is exponentially complex, or else the quantum gravity theory is exponentially difficult to simulate on a quantum computer. While at first sight this might seem to justify the discomfort of complexity theorists with equating computational complexity with a physical quantity, a further examination of our arguments shows that any resolution of the wormhole growth paradox must equate wormhole volume to an "unfeelable" quantity, leading to the same conclusions. In other words this discomfort is an inevitable consequence of the paradox.
Cite as

Adam Bouland, Bill Fefferman, and Umesh Vazirani. Computational Pseudorandomness, the Wormhole Growth Paradox, and Constraints on the AdS/CFT Duality (Abstract). In 11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 151, pp. 63:1-63:2, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{bouland_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.63,
  author =	{Bouland, Adam and Fefferman, Bill and Vazirani, Umesh},
  title =	{{Computational Pseudorandomness, the Wormhole Growth Paradox, and Constraints on the AdS/CFT Duality}},
  booktitle =	{11th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2020)},
  pages =	{63:1--63:2},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-134-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{151},
  editor =	{Vidick, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.63},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-117486},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2020.63},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum complexity theory, pseudorandomness, AdS/CFT correspondence}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.6
Complexity-Theoretic Limitations on Blind Delegated Quantum Computation

Authors: Scott Aaronson, Alexandru Cojocaru, Alexandru Gheorghiu, and Elham Kashefi

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 132, 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)

Abstract
Blind delegation protocols allow a client to delegate a computation to a server so that the server learns nothing about the input to the computation apart from its size. For the specific case of quantum computation we know, from work over the past decade, that blind delegation protocols can achieve information-theoretic security (provided the client and the server exchange some amount of quantum information). In this paper we prove, provided certain complexity-theoretic conjectures are true, that the power of information-theoretically secure blind delegation protocols for quantum computation (ITS-BQC protocols) is in a number of ways constrained. In the first part of our paper we provide some indication that ITS-BQC protocols for delegating polynomial-time quantum computations in which the client and the server interact only classically are unlikely to exist. We first show that having such a protocol in which the client and the server exchange O(n^d) bits of communication, implies that BQP subset MA/O(n^d). We conjecture that this containment is unlikely by proving that there exists an oracle relative to which BQP not subset MA/O(n^d). We then show that if an ITS-BQC protocol exists in which the client and the server interact only classically and which allows the client to delegate quantum sampling problems to the server (such as BosonSampling) then there exist non-uniform circuits of size 2^{n - Omega(n/log(n))}, making polynomially-sized queries to an NP^{NP} oracle, for computing the permanent of an n x n matrix. The second part of our paper concerns ITS-BQC protocols in which the client and the server engage in one round of quantum communication and then exchange polynomially many classical messages. First, we provide a complexity-theoretic upper bound on the types of functions that could be delegated in such a protocol by showing that they must be contained in QCMA/qpoly cap coQCMA/qpoly. Then, we show that having such a protocol for delegating NP-hard functions implies coNP^{NP^{NP}} subseteq NP^{NP^{PromiseQMA}}.
Cite as

Scott Aaronson, Alexandru Cojocaru, Alexandru Gheorghiu, and Elham Kashefi. Complexity-Theoretic Limitations on Blind Delegated Quantum Computation. In 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 132, pp. 6:1-6:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{aaronson_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.6,
  author =	{Aaronson, Scott and Cojocaru, Alexandru and Gheorghiu, Alexandru and Kashefi, Elham},
  title =	{{Complexity-Theoretic Limitations on Blind Delegated Quantum Computation}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-109-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{132},
  editor =	{Baier, Christel and Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Flocchini, Paola and Leonardi, Stefano},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-105826},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum cryptography, Complexity theory, Delegated quantum computation, Computing on encrypted data}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2019.15
"Quantum Supremacy" and the Complexity of Random Circuit Sampling

Authors: Adam Bouland, Bill Fefferman, Chinmay Nirkhe, and Umesh Vazirani

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 124, 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2019)

Abstract
A critical goal for the field of quantum computation is quantum supremacy - a demonstration of any quantum computation that is prohibitively hard for classical computers. It is both a necessary milestone on the path to useful quantum computers as well as a test of quantum theory in the realm of high complexity. A leading near-term candidate, put forth by the Google/UCSB team, is sampling from the probability distributions of randomly chosen quantum circuits, called Random Circuit Sampling (RCS). While RCS was defined with experimental realization in mind, we give strong complexity-theoretic evidence for the classical hardness of RCS, placing it on par with the best theoretical proposals for supremacy. Specifically, we show that RCS satisfies an average-case hardness condition - computing output probabilities of typical quantum circuits is as hard as computing them in the worst-case, and therefore #P-hard. Our reduction exploits the polynomial structure in the output amplitudes of random quantum circuits, enabled by the Feynman path integral. In addition, it follows from known results that RCS also satisfies an anti-concentration property, namely that errors in estimating output probabilities are small with respect to the probabilities themselves. This makes RCS the first proposal for quantum supremacy with both of these properties. We also give a natural condition under which an existing statistical measure, cross-entropy, verifies RCS, as well as describe a new verification measure which in some formal sense maximizes the information gained from experimental samples.
Cite as

Adam Bouland, Bill Fefferman, Chinmay Nirkhe, and Umesh Vazirani. "Quantum Supremacy" and the Complexity of Random Circuit Sampling. In 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 124, pp. 15:1-15:2, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{bouland_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2019.15,
  author =	{Bouland, Adam and Fefferman, Bill and Nirkhe, Chinmay and Vazirani, Umesh},
  title =	{{"Quantum Supremacy" and the Complexity of Random Circuit Sampling}},
  booktitle =	{10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2019)},
  pages =	{15:1--15:2},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-095-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{124},
  editor =	{Blum, Avrim},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2019.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-101084},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2019.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: quantum supremacy, average-case hardness, verification}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.91
Approximate Low-Weight Check Codes and Circuit Lower Bounds for Noisy Ground States

Authors: Chinmay Nirkhe, Umesh Vazirani, and Henry Yuen

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 107, 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)

Abstract
The No Low-Energy Trivial States (NLTS) conjecture of Freedman and Hastings (Quantum Information and Computation 2014), which asserts the existence of local Hamiltonians whose low-energy states cannot be generated by constant-depth quantum circuits, identifies a fundamental obstacle to resolving the quantum PCP conjecture. Progress towards the NLTS conjecture was made by Eldar and Harrow (Foundations of Computer Science 2017), who proved a closely related theorem called No Low-Error Trivial States (NLETS). In this paper, we give a much simpler proof of the NLETS theorem and use the same technique to establish superpolynomial circuit size lower bounds for noisy ground states of local Hamiltonians (assuming QCMA != QMA), resolving an open question of Eldar and Harrow. We discuss the new light our results cast on the relationship between NLTS and NLETS. Finally, our techniques imply the existence of approximate quantum low-weight check (qLWC) codes with linear rate, linear distance, and constant weight checks. These codes are similar to quantum LDPC codes except (1) each particle may participate in a large number of checks, and (2) errors only need to be corrected up to fidelity 1 - 1/poly(n). This stands in contrast to the best-known stabilizer LDPC codes due to Freedman, Meyer, and Luo which achieve a distance of O(sqrt{n log n}). The principal technique used in our results is to leverage the Feynman-Kitaev clock construction to approximately embed a subspace of states defined by a circuit as the ground space of a local Hamiltonian.
Cite as

Chinmay Nirkhe, Umesh Vazirani, and Henry Yuen. Approximate Low-Weight Check Codes and Circuit Lower Bounds for Noisy Ground States. In 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 107, pp. 91:1-91:11, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{nirkhe_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.91,
  author =	{Nirkhe, Chinmay and Vazirani, Umesh and Yuen, Henry},
  title =	{{Approximate Low-Weight Check Codes and Circuit Lower Bounds for Noisy Ground States}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)},
  pages =	{91:1--91:11},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-076-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{107},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Kaklamanis, Christos and Marx, D\'{a}niel and Sannella, Donald},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.91},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-90950},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.91},
  annote =	{Keywords: quantum pcps, local hamiltonians, error-correcting codes}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.46
Rigorous Rg Algorithms and Area Laws for Low Energy Eigenstates In 1D

Authors: Itai Arad, Zeph Landau, Umesh V. Vazirani, and Thomas Vidick

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 67, 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017)

Abstract
One of the central challenges in the study of quantum many-body systems is the complexity of simulating them on a classical computer. A recent advance by Landau et al. gave a polynomial time algorithm to compute a succinct classical description for unique ground states of gapped 1D quantum systems. Despite this progress many questions remained unresolved, including whether there exist rigorous efficient algorithms when the ground space is degenerate (and poly(n) dimensional), or for the poly(n) lowest energy states for 1D systems, or even whether such states admit succinct classical descriptions or area laws. In this paper we give a new algorithm for finding low energy states for 1D systems, based on a rigorously justified renormalization group (RG)-type transformation. In the process we resolve some of the aforementioned open questions, including giving a polynomial time algorithm for poly(n) degenerate ground spaces and an n^{O(\log n)} algorithm for the poly(n) lowest energy states for 1D systems (under a mild density condition). We note that for these classes of systems the existence of a succinct classical description and area laws were not rigorously proved before this work. The algorithms are natural and efficient, and for the case of finding unique ground states for frustration-free Hamiltonians the running time is O(nM(n)), where M(n) is the time required to multiply two n by n matrices.
Cite as

Itai Arad, Zeph Landau, Umesh V. Vazirani, and Thomas Vidick. Rigorous Rg Algorithms and Area Laws for Low Energy Eigenstates In 1D. In 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 67, pp. 46:1-46:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{arad_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.46,
  author =	{Arad, Itai and Landau, Zeph and Vazirani, Umesh V. and Vidick, Thomas},
  title =	{{Rigorous Rg Algorithms and Area Laws for Low Energy Eigenstates In 1D}},
  booktitle =	{8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017)},
  pages =	{46:1--46:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-029-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{67},
  editor =	{Papadimitriou, Christos H.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.46},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-81920},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.46},
  annote =	{Keywords: Hamiltonian complexity, area law, gapped ground states, algorithm}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.56
The Duality Gap for Two-Team Zero-Sum Games

Authors: Leonard Schulman and Umesh V. Vazirani

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 67, 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017)

Abstract
We consider multiplayer games in which the players fall in two teams of size k, with payoffs equal within, and of opposite sign across, the two teams. In the classical case of k=1, such zero-sum games possess a unique value, independent of order of play, due to the von Neumann minimax theorem. However, this fails for all k>1; we can measure this failure by a duality gap, which quantifies the benefit of being the team to commit last to its strategy. In our main result we show that the gap equals 2(1-2^{1-k}) for m=2 and 2(1-\m^{-(1-o(1))k}) for m>2, with m being the size of the action space of each player. At a finer level, the cost to a team of individual players acting independently while the opposition employs joint randomness is 1-2^{1-k} for k=2, and 1-\m^{-(1-o(1))k} for m>2. This class of multiplayer games, apart from being a natural bridge between two-player zero-sum games and general multiplayer games, is motivated from Biology (the weak selection model of evolution) and Economics (players with shared utility but poor coordination).
Cite as

Leonard Schulman and Umesh V. Vazirani. The Duality Gap for Two-Team Zero-Sum Games. In 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 67, pp. 56:1-56:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{schulman_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.56,
  author =	{Schulman, Leonard and Vazirani, Umesh V.},
  title =	{{The Duality Gap for Two-Team Zero-Sum Games}},
  booktitle =	{8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017)},
  pages =	{56:1--56:8},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-029-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{67},
  editor =	{Papadimitriou, Christos H.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.56},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-81429},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.56},
  annote =	{Keywords: multi-player games, duality gap, zero-sum games, evolution}
}
Document
Invited Talk
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.45
Algorithms, Games, and Evolution (Invited Talk)

Authors: Erick Chastain, Adi Livnat, Christos H. Papadimitriou, and Umesh V. Vazirani

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 29, 34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014)

Abstract
Even the most seasoned students of evolution, starting with Darwin himself, have occasionally expressed amazement at the fact that the mechanism of natural selection has produced the whole of Life as we see it around us. From a computational perspective, it is natural to marvel at evolution's solution to the problems of robotics, vision and theorem proving! What, then, is the complexity of evolution, viewed as an algorithm? One answer to this question is 10^{12}, roughly the number of sequential steps or generations from the earliest single celled creatures to today's Homo Sapiens. To put this into perspective, the processor of a modern cell phone can perform 10^{12} steps in less than an hour. Another answer is 10^30, the degree of parallelism, roughly the maximum number of organisms living on the Earth at any time. Perhaps the answer should be the product of the two numbers, roughly 10^42, to reflect the total work done by evolution, viewed as a parallel algorithm. Here we argue, interpreting our recently published paper, that none of the above answers is really correct. Viewing evolution as an algorithm poses an additional challenge: recombination. Even if evolution succeeds in producing a particularly good solution (a highly fit individual), its offspring would only inherit half its genes, and therefore appear unlikely to be a good solution. This is the core of the problem of explaining the role of sex in evolution, known as the "queen of problems in evolutionary biology". The starting point is the diffusion-equation-based approach of theoretical population geneticists, who analyze the changing allele frequencies (over the generations) in the gene pool, consisting of the aggregate of the genetic variants (or "alleles") over all genes (or "loci") and over all individuals in a species. Taking this viewpoint to its logical conclusion, rather than acting on individuals or species or genes, evolution acts on this gene pool, or genetic soup, by making it more "potent", in the sense that it increases the expected fitness of genotype drawn randomly from this soup. Moreover, for much genetic variation, this soup may be assumed to be in the regime of weak selection, a regime where the probability of occurrence of a certain genotype involving various alleles at different loci is simply the product of the probabilities of each of its alleles. In this regime, we show that evolution in the regime of weak selection can be formulated as a game, where the recombining loci are the players, the alleles in those loci are possible moves or actions of each player, and the expected payoff of each player-locus is precisely the organism's expected fitness across the genotypes that are present in the population. Moreover, the dynamics specified by the diffusion equations of theoretical population geneticists is closely approximated by the dynamics of multiplicative weight updates (MWUA). The algorithmic connection to MWUA brings with it new insights for evolutionary biology, specifically, into the question of how genetic diversity is maintained in the presence of natural selection. For this it is useful to consider a dual view of MWUA, which expresses "what each gene is optimizing" as it plays the game. Remarkably this turns out to be a particular convex combination of the entropy of its distribution over alleles and cumulative expected fitness. This sheds new light on the maintenance of diversity in evolution. All of this suggests that the complexity of evolution should indeed be viewed as 10^12, but for a subtle reason. It is the number of steps of multiplicative weight updates carried out on allele frequencies in the genetic soup. A closer examination of this reveals further that the accurate tracking of allele frequencies over the generations requires the simulation of a quadratic dynamical system (two parents for each offspring). Moreover the simulation of even simple quadratic dynamical systems is known to be PSPACE-hard. This suggests that the tracking of allele frequencies might require large population sizes for each species, putting into perspective the number 10^30. Finally, it is worth noting that in this view there is a primacy to recombination or sex, which serve to provide robustness to the mechanism of evolution, as well as the framework within which MWUA operates.
Cite as

Erick Chastain, Adi Livnat, Christos H. Papadimitriou, and Umesh V. Vazirani. Algorithms, Games, and Evolution (Invited Talk). In 34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 29, pp. 45-46, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{chastain_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.45,
  author =	{Chastain, Erick and Livnat, Adi and Papadimitriou, Christos H. and Vazirani, Umesh V.},
  title =	{{Algorithms, Games, and Evolution}},
  booktitle =	{34th International Conference on Foundation of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2014)},
  pages =	{45--46},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-77-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{29},
  editor =	{Raman, Venkatesh and Suresh, S. P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.45},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-48310},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2014.45},
  annote =	{Keywords: evolution, recombination, coordination games, multiplicative weight updates}
}
Document
Invited Talk
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.26
Quantum State Description Complexity (Invited Talk)

Authors: Umesh V. Vazirani

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 13, IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2011)

Abstract
Quantum states generally require exponential sized classical descriptions, but the long conjectured area law provides hope that a large class of natural quantum states can be described succinctly. Recent progress in formally proving the area law is described.
Cite as

Umesh V. Vazirani. Quantum State Description Complexity (Invited Talk). In IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2011). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 13, pp. 26-27, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2011)

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@InProceedings{vazirani:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.26,
  author =	{Vazirani, Umesh V.},
  title =	{{Quantum State Description Complexity}},
  booktitle =	{IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2011)},
  pages =	{26--27},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-34-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2011},
  volume =	{13},
  editor =	{Chakraborty, Supratik and Kumar, Amit},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.26},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-33408},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.26},
  annote =	{Keywords: area law, Hamiltonian, description complexity, detectability lemma, entanglement}
}
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