Recently Bravyi, Gosset and König (Science 2018) proved an unconditional separation between the computational powers of small-depth quantum and classical circuits for a relation. In this paper we show a similar separation in the average-case setting that gives stronger evidence of the superiority of small-depth quantum computation: we construct a computational task that can be solved on all inputs by a quantum circuit of constant depth with bounded-fanin gates (a "shallow" quantum circuit) and show that any classical circuit with bounded-fanin gates solving this problem on a non-negligible fraction of the inputs must have logarithmic depth. Our results are obtained by introducing a technique to create quantum states exhibiting global quantum correlations from any graph, via a construction that we call the extended graph. Similar results have been very recently (and independently) obtained by Coudron, Stark and Vidick (arXiv:1810.04233}), and Bene Watts, Kothari, Schaeffer and Tal (STOC 2019).
@InProceedings{legall:LIPIcs.CCC.2019.21, author = {Le Gall, Fran\c{c}ois}, title = {{Average-Case Quantum Advantage with Shallow Circuits}}, booktitle = {34th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2019)}, pages = {21:1--21:20}, series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, ISBN = {978-3-95977-116-0}, ISSN = {1868-8969}, year = {2019}, volume = {137}, editor = {Shpilka, Amir}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Dagstuhl, Germany}, URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2019.21}, URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-108432}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2019.21}, annote = {Keywords: Quantum computing, circuit complexity, constant-depth circuits} }
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