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Parity Helps to Compute Majority

Authors Igor Carboni Oliveira, Rahul Santhanam, Srikanth Srinivasan

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Author Details

Igor Carboni Oliveira
  • Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, UK
Rahul Santhanam
  • Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, UK
Srikanth Srinivasan
  • Department of Mathematics, IIT Bombay, India

Funding

This work was supported in part by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2014)/ERC Grant Agreement no. 615075.

Acknowledgements

This paper is the result of a collaboration that happened at the Simons Institute program on Lower Bounds in Computational Complexity, where all three authors were long-term visitors. We are grateful to the Simons Institute for their support.

Cite AsGet BibTex

Igor Carboni Oliveira, Rahul Santhanam, and Srikanth Srinivasan. Parity Helps to Compute Majority. In 34th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 137, pp. 23:1-23:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2019.23

Abstract

We study the complexity of computing symmetric and threshold functions by constant-depth circuits with Parity gates, also known as AC^0[oplus] circuits. Razborov [Alexander A. Razborov, 1987] and Smolensky [Roman Smolensky, 1987; Roman Smolensky, 1993] showed that Majority requires depth-d AC^0[oplus] circuits of size 2^{Omega(n^{1/2(d-1)})}. By using a divide-and-conquer approach, it is easy to show that Majority can be computed with depth-d AC^0[oplus] circuits of size 2^{O~(n^{1/(d-1)})}. This gap between upper and lower bounds has stood for nearly three decades. Somewhat surprisingly, we show that neither the upper bound nor the lower bound above is tight for large d. We show for d >= 5 that any symmetric function can be computed with depth-d AC^0[oplus] circuits of size exp(O~(n^{2/3 * 1/(d-4)})). Our upper bound extends to threshold functions (with a constant additive loss in the denominator of the double exponent). We improve the Razborov-Smolensky lower bound to show that for d >= 3 Majority requires depth-d AC^0[oplus] circuits of size 2^{Omega(n^{1/(2d-4)})}. For depths d <= 4, we are able to refine our techniques to get almost-optimal bounds: the depth-3 AC^0[oplus] circuit size of Majority is 2^{Theta~(n^{1/2})}, while its depth-4 AC^0[oplus] circuit size is 2^{Theta~(n^{1/4})}.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation
Keywords
  • Computational Complexity
  • Boolean Circuits
  • Lower Bounds
  • Parity
  • Majority

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