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Matrix Multiplication and Number on the Forehead Communication

Authors Josh Alman, Jarosław Błasiok

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Author Details

Josh Alman
  • Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Jarosław Błasiok
  • Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Funding

  • Alman, Josh: Supported in part by NSF Grant CCF-2238221 and a grant from the Simons Foundation (Grant Number 825870 JA).
  • Błasiok, Jarosław: Supported by Junior Fellowship from the Simons Society of Fellows.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Madhu Sudan and Toniann Pitassi for helpful discussions.

Cite AsGet BibTex

Josh Alman and Jarosław Błasiok. Matrix Multiplication and Number on the Forehead Communication. In 38th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 264, pp. 16:1-16:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2023.16

Abstract

Three-player Number On the Forehead communication may be thought of as a three-player Number In the Hand promise model, in which each player is given the inputs that are supposedly on the other two players' heads, and promised that they are consistent with the inputs of the other players. The set of all allowed inputs under this promise may be thought of as an order-3 tensor. We surprisingly observe that this tensor is exactly the matrix multiplication tensor, which is widely studied in the design of fast matrix multiplication algorithms. Using this connection, we prove a number of results about both Number On the Forehead communication and matrix multiplication, each by using known results or techniques about the other. For example, we show how the Laser method, a key technique used to design the best matrix multiplication algorithms, can also be used to design communication protocols for a variety of problems. We also show how known lower bounds for Number On the Forehead communication can be used to bound properties of the matrix multiplication tensor such as its zeroing out subrank. Finally, we substantially generalize known methods based on slice-rank for studying communication, and show how they directly relate to the matrix multiplication exponent ω.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Communication complexity
Keywords
  • Number on the forehead
  • communication complexity
  • matrix multiplication

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