For any forest G = (V, E) it is possible to orient the edges E so that no vertex in V has out-degree greater than 1. This paper considers the incremental edge-orientation problem, in which the edges E arrive over time and the algorithm must maintain a low-out-degree edge orientation at all times. We give an algorithm that maintains a maximum out-degree of 3 while flipping at most O(log log n) edge orientations per edge insertion, with high probability in n. The algorithm requires worst-case time O(log n log log n) per insertion, and takes amortized time O(1). The previous state of the art required up to O(log n / log log n) edge flips per insertion. We then apply our edge-orientation results to the problem of dynamic Cuckoo hashing. The problem of designing simple families ℋ of hash functions that are compatible with Cuckoo hashing has received extensive attention. These families ℋ are known to satisfy static guarantees, but do not come typically with dynamic guarantees for the running time of inserts and deletes. We show how to transform static guarantees (for 1-associativity) into near-state-of-the-art dynamic guarantees (for O(1)-associativity) in a black-box fashion. Rather than relying on the family ℋ to supply randomness, as in past work, we instead rely on randomness within our table-maintenance algorithm.
@InProceedings{bender_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2021.12, author = {Bender, Michael A. and Kopelowitz, Tsvi and Kuszmaul, William and Porat, Ely and Stein, Clifford}, title = {{Incremental Edge Orientation in Forests}}, booktitle = {29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)}, pages = {12:1--12:18}, series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, ISBN = {978-3-95977-204-4}, ISSN = {1868-8969}, year = {2021}, volume = {204}, editor = {Mutzel, Petra and Pagh, Rasmus and Herman, Grzegorz}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Dagstuhl, Germany}, URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.12}, URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-145933}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.12}, annote = {Keywords: edge orientation, graph algorithms, Cuckoo hashing, hash functions} }
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