We consider the problem of finding a treasure at an unknown point of an n-dimensional infinite grid, n >= 3, by initially collocated finite automaton agents (scouts/robots). Recently, the problem has been well characterized for 2 dimensions for deterministic as well as randomized agents, both in synchronous and semi-synchronous models [S. Brandt et al., 2018; Y. Emek et al., 2015]. It has been conjectured that n+1 randomized agents are necessary to solve this problem in the n-dimensional grid [L. Cohen et al., 2017]. In this paper we disprove the conjecture in a strong sense: we show that three randomized synchronous agents suffice to explore an n-dimensional grid for any n. Our algorithm is optimal in terms of the number of the agents. Our key insight is that a constant number of finite automaton agents can, by their positions and movements, implement a stack, which can store the path being explored. We also show how to implement our algorithm using: four randomized semi-synchronous agents; four deterministic synchronous agents; or five deterministic semi-synchronous agents. We give a different algorithm that uses 4 deterministic semi-synchronous agents for the 3-dimensional grid. This is provably optimal, and surprisingly, matches the result for 2 dimensions. For n >= 4, the time complexity of the solutions mentioned above is exponential in distance D of the treasure from the starting point of the agents. We show that in the deterministic case, one additional agent brings the time down to a polynomial. Finally, we focus on algorithms that never venture much beyond the distance D. We describe an algorithm that uses O(sqrt{n}) semi-synchronous deterministic agents that never go beyond 2D, as well as show that any algorithm using 3 synchronous deterministic agents in 3 dimensions, if it exists, must travel beyond Omega(D^{3/2}) from the origin.
@InProceedings{dobrev_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.139, author = {Dobrev, Stefan and Narayanan, Lata and Opatrny, Jaroslav and Pankratov, Denis}, title = {{Exploration of High-Dimensional Grids by Finite Automata}}, booktitle = {46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)}, pages = {139:1--139:16}, series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, ISBN = {978-3-95977-109-2}, ISSN = {1868-8969}, year = {2019}, volume = {132}, editor = {Baier, Christel and Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Flocchini, Paola and Leonardi, Stefano}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Dagstuhl, Germany}, URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.139}, URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-107153}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.139}, annote = {Keywords: Multi-agent systems, finite state machines, high-dimensional grids, robot exploration, randomized agents, semi-synchronous and synchronous agents} }
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