Toward a Dichotomy for Approximation of H-Coloring

Authors Akbar Rafiey , Arash Rafiey, Thiago Santos



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Akbar Rafiey
  • Department of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
Arash Rafiey
  • Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
  • Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
Thiago Santos
  • Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Andrei Bulatov for proofreading several drafts of the work and many valuable discussions that significantly improved the paper and its presentation.

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Akbar Rafiey, Arash Rafiey, and Thiago Santos. Toward a Dichotomy for Approximation of H-Coloring. In 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 132, pp. 91:1-91:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.91

Abstract

Given two (di)graphs G, H and a cost function c:V(G) x V(H) -> Q_{>= 0} cup {+infty}, in the minimum cost homomorphism problem, MinHOM(H), we are interested in finding a homomorphism f:V(G)-> V(H) (a.k.a H-coloring) that minimizes sum limits_{v in V(G)}c(v,f(v)). The complexity of exact minimization of this problem is well understood [Pavol Hell and Arash Rafiey, 2012], and the class of digraphs H, for which the MinHOM(H) is polynomial time solvable is a small subset of all digraphs. 
In this paper, we consider the approximation of MinHOM within a constant factor. In terms of digraphs, MinHOM(H) is not approximable if H contains a digraph asteroidal triple (DAT). We take a major step toward a dichotomy classification of approximable cases. We give a dichotomy classification for approximating the MinHOM(H) when H is a graph (i.e. symmetric digraph). For digraphs, we provide constant factor approximation algorithms for two important classes of digraphs, namely bi-arc digraphs (digraphs with a conservative semi-lattice polymorphism or min-ordering), and k-arc digraphs (digraphs with an extended min-ordering). Specifically, we show that: 
- Dichotomy for Graphs: MinHOM(H) has a 2|V(H)|-approximation algorithm if graph H admits a conservative majority polymorphims (i.e. H is a bi-arc graph), otherwise, it is inapproximable; 
- MinHOM(H) has a |V(H)|^2-approximation algorithm if H is a bi-arc digraph; 
- MinHOM(H) has a |V(H)|^2-approximation algorithm if H is a k-arc digraph. 
In conclusion, we show the importance of these results and provide insights for achieving a dichotomy classification of approximable cases. Our constant factors depend on the size of H. However, the implementation of our algorithms provides a much better approximation ratio. It leaves open to investigate a classification of digraphs H, where MinHOM(H) admits a constant factor approximation algorithm that is independent of |V(H)|.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Approximation algorithms analysis
Keywords
  • Approximation algorithms
  • minimum cost homomorphism
  • randomized rounding

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