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Space Efficient Construction of Lyndon Arrays in Linear Time

Authors Philip Bille , Jonas Ellert , Johannes Fischer, Inge Li Gørtz , Florian Kurpicz , J. Ian Munro, Eva Rotenberg

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Author Details

Philip Bille
  • DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Jonas Ellert
  • Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany
Johannes Fischer
  • Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany
Inge Li Gørtz
  • DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Florian Kurpicz
  • Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany
J. Ian Munro
  • Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada
Eva Rotenberg
  • DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Funding

  • Bille, Philip: Supported by the Danish Research Council (DFF-9131-00069B).
  • Gørtz, Inge Li: Partially supported by the Danish Research Council (DFF-8021-002498).
  • Kurpicz, Florian: Supported by the German Research Foundation DFG SPP 1736 "Algorithms for Big Data".
  • Munro, J. Ian: Supported by the Canada Research Chairs Programme and NSERC Discovery Grant 8237.
  • Rotenberg, Eva: Partially supported by Independent Research Fund Denmark grants 2020-2023 (9131-00044B), 2020-2023 (8021-002498), and 2018-2021 (8021-00249B).

Cite AsGet BibTex

Philip Bille, Jonas Ellert, Johannes Fischer, Inge Li Gørtz, Florian Kurpicz, J. Ian Munro, and Eva Rotenberg. Space Efficient Construction of Lyndon Arrays in Linear Time. In 47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 168, pp. 14:1-14:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.14

Abstract

Given a string S of length n, its Lyndon array identifies for each suffix S[i..n] the next lexicographically smaller suffix S[j..n], i.e. the minimal index j > i with S[i..n] ≻ S[j..n]. Apart from its plain (n log₂ n)-bit array representation, the Lyndon array can also be encoded as a succinct parentheses sequence that requires only 2n bits of space. While linear time construction algorithms for both representations exist, it has previously been unknown if the same time bound can be achieved with less than Ω(n lg n) bits of additional working space. We show that, in fact, o(n) additional bits are sufficient to compute the succinct 2n-bit version of the Lyndon array in linear time. For the plain (n log₂ n)-bit version, we only need 𝒪(1) additional words to achieve linear time. Our space efficient construction algorithm makes the Lyndon array more accessible as a fundamental data structure in applications like full-text indexing.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Design and analysis of algorithms
Keywords
  • String algorithms
  • string suffixes
  • succinct data structures
  • Lyndon word
  • Lyndon array
  • nearest smaller values
  • nearest smaller suffixes

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References

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