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The Complexity of Finding Fair Many-To-One Matchings

Authors Niclas Boehmer , Tomohiro Koana

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Author Details

Niclas Boehmer
  • Algorithmics and Computational Complexity, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
Tomohiro Koana
  • Algorithmics and Computational Complexity, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany

Funding

  • Boehmer, Niclas: Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) projects MaMu (NI 369/19) and ComSoc-MPMS (NI 369/22).
  • Koana, Tomohiro: Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) project DiPa (NI 369/21).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the anonymous ICALP 2022 reviewers for their thoughtful, constructive, and helpful comments.

Cite AsGet BibTex

Niclas Boehmer and Tomohiro Koana. The Complexity of Finding Fair Many-To-One Matchings. In 49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 229, pp. 27:1-27:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.27

Abstract

We analyze the (parameterized) computational complexity of "fair" variants of bipartite many-to-one matching, where each vertex from the "left" side is matched to exactly one vertex and each vertex from the "right" side may be matched to multiple vertices. We want to find a "fair" matching, in which each vertex from the right side is matched to a "fair" set of vertices. Assuming that each vertex from the left side has one color modeling its attribute, we study two fairness criteria. In one of them, we deem a vertex set fair if for any two colors, the difference between the numbers of their occurrences does not exceed a given threshold. Fairness is relevant when finding many-to-one matchings between students and colleges, voters and constituencies, and applicants and firms. Here colors may model sociodemographic attributes, party memberships, and qualifications, respectively. We show that finding a fair many-to-one matching is NP-hard even for three colors and maximum degree five. Our main contribution is the design of fixed-parameter tractable algorithms with respect to the number of vertices on the right side. Our algorithms make use of a variety of techniques including color coding. At the core lie integer linear programs encoding Hall like conditions. To establish the correctness of our integer programs, we prove a new separation result, inspired by Frank’s separation theorem [Frank, Discrete Math. 1982], which may also be of independent interest. We further obtain complete complexity dichotomies regarding the number of colors and the maximum degree of each side.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Parameterized complexity and exact algorithms
Keywords
  • Graph theory
  • polynomial-time algorithms
  • NP-hardness
  • FPT
  • ILP
  • color coding
  • submodular and supermodular functions
  • algorithmic fairness

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