The tree inclusion problem is, given two node-labeled trees P and T (the "pattern tree" and the "text tree"), to locate every minimal subtree in T (if any) that can be obtained by applying a sequence of node insertion operations to P. Although the ordered tree inclusion problem is solvable in polynomial time, the unordered tree inclusion problem is NP-hard. The currently fastest algorithm for the latter is from 1995 and runs in O(poly(m,n) * 2^{2d}) = O^*(2^{2d}) time, where m and n are the sizes of the pattern and text trees, respectively, and d is the maximum outdegree of the pattern tree. Here, we develop a new algorithm that improves the exponent 2d to d by considering a particular type of ancestor-descendant relationships and applying dynamic programming, thus reducing the time complexity to O^*(2^d). We then study restricted variants of the unordered tree inclusion problem where the number of occurrences of different node labels and/or the input trees' heights are bounded. We show that although the problem remains NP-hard in many such cases, it can be solved in polynomial time for c = 2 and in O^*(1.8^d) time for c = 3 if the leaves of P are distinctly labeled and each label occurs at most c times in T. We also present a randomized O^*(1.883^d)-time algorithm for the case that the heights of P and T are one and two, respectively.
@InProceedings{akutsu_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2018.27, author = {Akutsu, Tatsuya and Jansson, Jesper and Li, Ruiming and Takasu, Atsuhiro and Tamura, Takeyuki}, title = {{New and Improved Algorithms for Unordered Tree Inclusion}}, booktitle = {29th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2018)}, pages = {27:1--27:12}, series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, ISBN = {978-3-95977-094-1}, ISSN = {1868-8969}, year = {2018}, volume = {123}, editor = {Hsu, Wen-Lian and Lee, Der-Tsai and Liao, Chung-Shou}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Dagstuhl, Germany}, URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2018.27}, URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-99752}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2018.27}, annote = {Keywords: parameterized algorithms, tree inclusion, unordered trees, dynamic programming} }
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