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Gapped String Indexing in Subquadratic Space and Sublinear Query Time

Authors Philip Bille , Inge Li Gørtz , Moshe Lewenstein , Solon P. Pissis , Eva Rotenberg , Teresa Anna Steiner

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Author Details

Philip Bille
  • Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Inge Li Gørtz
  • Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Moshe Lewenstein
  • Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
Solon P. Pissis
  • CWI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Eva Rotenberg
  • Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Teresa Anna Steiner
  • Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Funding

  • Bille, Philip: Supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (DFF-9131-00069B).
  • Gørtz, Inge Li: Supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (DFF-9131-00069B).
  • Pissis, Solon P.: Supported by the PANGAIA (No 872539) and ALPACA (No 956229) projects.
  • Rotenberg, Eva: Supported by the Danish Research Council grants DFF-9131-00069B "Adaptive Compressed Computation" and DFF-9131-00044B "Dynamic Network Analysis".
  • Steiner, Teresa Anna: Supported by the VILLUM FONDEN grant VIL51463.

Cite AsGet BibTex

Philip Bille, Inge Li Gørtz, Moshe Lewenstein, Solon P. Pissis, Eva Rotenberg, and Teresa Anna Steiner. Gapped String Indexing in Subquadratic Space and Sublinear Query Time. In 41st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 289, pp. 16:1-16:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2024.16

Abstract

In Gapped String Indexing, the goal is to compactly represent a string S of length n such that for any query consisting of two strings P₁ and P₂, called patterns, and an integer interval [α, β], called gap range, we can quickly find occurrences of P₁ and P₂ in S with distance in [α, β]. Gapped String Indexing is a central problem in computational biology and text mining and has thus received significant research interest, including parameterized and heuristic approaches. Despite this interest, the best-known time-space trade-offs for Gapped String Indexing are the straightforward 𝒪(n) space and 𝒪(n+ occ) query time or Ω(n²) space and Õ(|P₁| + |P₂| + occ) query time. We break through this barrier obtaining the first interesting trade-offs with polynomially subquadratic space and polynomially sublinear query time. In particular, we show that, for every 0 ≤ δ ≤ 1, there is a data structure for Gapped String Indexing with either Õ(n^{2-δ/3}) or Õ(n^{3-2δ}) space and Õ(|P₁| + |P₂| + n^{δ}⋅ (occ+1)) query time, where occ is the number of reported occurrences. As a new fundamental tool towards obtaining our main result, we introduce the Shifted Set Intersection problem: preprocess a collection of sets S₁, …, S_k of integers such that for any query consisting of three integers i,j,s, we can quickly output YES if and only if there exist a ∈ S_i and b ∈ S_j with a+s = b. We start by showing that the Shifted Set Intersection problem is equivalent to the indexing variant of 3SUM (3SUM Indexing) [Golovnev et al., STOC 2020]. We then give a data structure for Shifted Set Intersection with gaps, which entails a solution to the Gapped String Indexing problem. Furthermore, we enhance our data structure for deciding Shifted Set Intersection, so that we can support the reporting variant of the problem, i.e., outputting all certificates in the affirmative case. Via the obtained equivalence to 3SUM Indexing, we thus give new improved data structures for the reporting variant of 3SUM Indexing, and we show how this improves upon the state-of-the-art solution for Jumbled Indexing [Chan and Lewenstein, STOC 2015] for any alphabet of constant size σ > 5.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Pattern matching
Keywords
  • data structures
  • string indexing
  • indexing with gaps
  • two patterns

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