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Documents authored by Kloda, Tomasz

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.2
Multi-Objective Memory Bandwidth Regulation and Cache Partitioning for Multicore Real-Time Systems

Authors: Binqi Sun, Zhihang Wei, Andrea Bastoni, Debayan Roy, Mirco Theile, Tomasz Kloda, Rodolfo Pellizzoni, and Marco Caccamo

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 335, 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract
Memory bandwidth regulation and cache partitioning are widely used techniques for achieving predictable timing in real-time computing systems. Combined with partitioned scheduling, these methods require careful co-allocation of tasks and resources to cores, as task execution times strongly depend on available allocated resources. To address this challenge, this paper presents a 0-1 linear program for task-resource co-allocation, along with a multi-objective heuristic designed to minimize resource usage while guaranteeing schedulability under a preemptive EDF scheduling policy. Our heuristic employs a multi-layer framework, where an outer layer explores resource allocations using Pareto-pruned search, and an inner layer optimizes task allocation by solving a knapsack problem using dynamic programming. To evaluate the performance of the proposed optimization algorithm, we profile real-world benchmarks on an embedded AMD UltraScale+ ZCU102 platform, with fine-grained resource partitioning enabled by the Jailhouse hypervisor, leveraging cache set partitioning and MemGuard for memory bandwidth regulation. Experiments based on the benchmarking results show that the proposed 0-1 linear program outperforms existing mixed-integer programs by finding more optimal solutions within the same time limit. Moreover, the proposed multi-objective multi-layer heuristic performs consistently better than the state-of-the-art multi-resource-task co-allocation algorithm in terms of schedulability, resource usage, number of non-dominated solutions, and computational efficiency.
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Binqi Sun, Zhihang Wei, Andrea Bastoni, Debayan Roy, Mirco Theile, Tomasz Kloda, Rodolfo Pellizzoni, and Marco Caccamo. Multi-Objective Memory Bandwidth Regulation and Cache Partitioning for Multicore Real-Time Systems. In 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 335, pp. 2:1-2:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{sun_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.2,
  author =	{Sun, Binqi and Wei, Zhihang and Bastoni, Andrea and Roy, Debayan and Theile, Mirco and Kloda, Tomasz and Pellizzoni, Rodolfo and Caccamo, Marco},
  title =	{{Multi-Objective Memory Bandwidth Regulation and Cache Partitioning for Multicore Real-Time Systems}},
  booktitle =	{37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-377-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{335},
  editor =	{Mancuso, Renato},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235807},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: Multi-objective optimization, memory bandwidth regulation, cache partitioning, partitioned scheduling, real-time systems}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2024.17
Response Time Analysis for Fixed-Priority Preemptive Uniform Multiprocessor Systems

Authors: Binqi Sun, Tomasz Kloda, and Marco Caccamo

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 298, 36th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2024)

Abstract
We present a response time analysis for global fixed-priority preemptive scheduling of constrained-deadline tasks upon a uniform multiprocessor where each processor can be characterized by a different speed. A fixed-priority scheduler assigns the jobs with the highest priorities to the fastest processors. Since determining whether all tasks can meet their deadlines is generally intractable even with identical processors, we propose two sufficient schedulability tests that calculate upper bounds on the task’s worst-case response time within polynomial and pseudo-polynomial time. The proposed tests leverage the linear programming model to upper bound the interference of the higher-priority tasks. Furthermore, we identify specific conditions and platforms upon which the problem can be solved more efficiently within linear time. These formulations are used to iteratively evaluate and refine possible solutions until a safe upper bound on the task’s worst-case response time is found. Additionally, we demonstrate that, with specific minor modifications, the proposed tests are compatible with Audsley’s optimal priority assignment. Experimental evaluations performed on synthetic task sets show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Cite as

Binqi Sun, Tomasz Kloda, and Marco Caccamo. Response Time Analysis for Fixed-Priority Preemptive Uniform Multiprocessor Systems. In 36th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 298, pp. 17:1-17:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{sun_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2024.17,
  author =	{Sun, Binqi and Kloda, Tomasz and Caccamo, Marco},
  title =	{{Response Time Analysis for Fixed-Priority Preemptive Uniform Multiprocessor Systems}},
  booktitle =	{36th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2024)},
  pages =	{17:1--17:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-324-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{298},
  editor =	{Pellizzoni, Rodolfo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2024.17},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-203201},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2024.17},
  annote =	{Keywords: Real-time scheduling, Uniform multiprocessor, Response time analysis}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.1
Fixed-Priority Memory-Centric Scheduler for COTS-Based Multiprocessors

Authors: Gero Schwäricke, Tomasz Kloda, Giovani Gracioli, Marko Bertogna, and Marco Caccamo

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 165, 32nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2020)

Abstract
Memory-centric scheduling attempts to guarantee temporal predictability on commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) multiprocessor systems to exploit their high performance for real-time applications. Several solutions proposed in the real-time literature have hardware requirements that are not easily satisfied by modern COTS platforms, like hardware support for strict memory partitioning or the presence of scratchpads. However, even without said hardware support, it is possible to design an efficient memory-centric scheduler. In this article, we design, implement, and analyze a memory-centric scheduler for deterministic memory management on COTS multiprocessor platforms without any hardware support. Our approach uses fixed-priority scheduling and proposes a global "memory preemption" scheme to boost real-time schedulability. The proposed scheduling protocol is implemented in the Jailhouse hypervisor and Erika real-time kernel. Measurements of the scheduler overhead demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach, and schedulability experiments show a 20% gain in terms of schedulability when compared to contention-based and static fair-share approaches.
Cite as

Gero Schwäricke, Tomasz Kloda, Giovani Gracioli, Marko Bertogna, and Marco Caccamo. Fixed-Priority Memory-Centric Scheduler for COTS-Based Multiprocessors. In 32nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 165, pp. 1:1-1:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{schwaricke_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.1,
  author =	{Schw\"{a}ricke, Gero and Kloda, Tomasz and Gracioli, Giovani and Bertogna, Marko and Caccamo, Marco},
  title =	{{Fixed-Priority Memory-Centric Scheduler for COTS-Based Multiprocessors}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2020)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-152-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{165},
  editor =	{V\"{o}lp, Marcus},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-123648},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2020.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Schedulability Analysis, Scheduler Implementation, memory-centric Scheduling, Virtualization, Multiprocessor}
}
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