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Documents authored by Purchase, Helen C.

Found 2 Possible Name Variants:

Purchase, Helen C.

Artifact
Dataset
DOI: 10.4230/artifacts.25065
GD-collection-v1

Authors: Gavin J. Mooney, Tim Hegemann, Alexander Wolff, Michael Wybrow, and Helen C. Purchase

Abstract
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Gavin J. Mooney, Tim Hegemann, Alexander Wolff, Michael Wybrow, Helen C. Purchase. GD-collection-v1 (Dataset). Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@misc{dagstuhl-artifact-25065,
   title = {{GD-collection-v1}}, 
   author = {Mooney, Gavin J. and Hegemann, Tim and Wolff, Alexander and Wybrow, Michael and Purchase, Helen C.},
   note = {Dataset, swhId: \href{https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:dir:478a27dd277dc5818bdf699d2a5bc222a010533b;origin=https://github.com/hegetim/gd-collection;visit=swh:1:snp:47572e3d1828ed35295469a20640d95523046494;anchor=swh:1:rev:d1135373ff9168ee932f61eee73dda6309e23c46}{\texttt{swh:1:dir:478a27dd277dc5818bdf699d2a5bc222a010533b}} (visited on 2025-11-26)},
   url = {https://github.com/hegetim/gd-collection},
   doi = {10.4230/artifacts.25065},
}
Artifact
Software
DOI: 10.4230/artifacts.25066
GEG Encodes Graphs

Authors: Gavin J. Mooney, Tim Hegemann, Alexander Wolff, Michael Wybrow, and Helen C. Purchase

Abstract
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Gavin J. Mooney, Tim Hegemann, Alexander Wolff, Michael Wybrow, Helen C. Purchase. GEG Encodes Graphs (Software, Source Code). Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@misc{dagstuhl-artifact-25066,
   title = {{GEG Encodes Graphs}}, 
   author = {Mooney, Gavin J. and Hegemann, Tim and Wolff, Alexander and Wybrow, Michael and Purchase, Helen C.},
   note = {Software, swhId: \href{https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:dir:91f45ae7976a74b00a0bf86145b52dd78838fb29;origin=https://github.com/gavjmooney/geg;visit=swh:1:snp:466de3fc98d200d2aff60e99c9adaf669e207c17;anchor=swh:1:rev:2bb5506b887564f9e233ed6c60ad641ae740e5a8}{\texttt{swh:1:dir:91f45ae7976a74b00a0bf86145b52dd78838fb29}} (visited on 2025-11-26)},
   url = {https://github.com/gavjmooney/geg},
   doi = {10.4230/artifacts.25066},
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.30
Universal Quality Metrics for Graph Drawings: Which Graphs Excite Us Most?

Authors: Gavin J. Mooney, Tim Hegemann, Alexander Wolff, Michael Wybrow, and Helen C. Purchase

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 357, 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)

Abstract
Graphs are drawn for various purposes, and drawings are meant to display various features of a graph (such as planarity, Hamiltonicity). Still, there is a long history in measuring the quality of a graph drawing. Most of the metrics that have been implemented and used in large studies assume that graphs are drawn straight-line. Most of the studies use randomly generated graphs or one of very few existing benchmark sets that consist of graphs with a specific technical background (e.g., telecommunication networks). In this paper, we extend ten commonly used metrics to node-link diagrams where edges can be curves or polygonal chains. We implement these measures and use them to evaluate a new collection of graph drawings that we have extracted from 27 proceedings of the Graph Drawing conference using an automated pipeline. We compare the "metrics landscape" of our new benchmark set, the GD-collection-v1, which seems to mostly contain manually drawn graphs, to the metric landscape of a benchmark set with randomly generated graphs and computer-generated straight-line drawings that has been used in a recent study [Mooney et al.; PacificVis 2024]. Comparing the GD-collection-v1 with the Mooney at al. dataset reveals a distinct metrics landscape: GD drawings come from much smaller graphs (median vertex number 11 vs. 48) and therefore attain higher medians on most readability metrics. For example, Neighbourhood Preservation (0.5 vs. 0.239) is markedly higher in the GD-collection-v1. We also find that a large proportion of extracted drawings contain curved and/or polygonal edges (57%), motivating the extended metric definitions.
Cite as

Gavin J. Mooney, Tim Hegemann, Alexander Wolff, Michael Wybrow, and Helen C. Purchase. Universal Quality Metrics for Graph Drawings: Which Graphs Excite Us Most?. In 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 357, pp. 30:1-30:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{mooney_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2025.30,
  author =	{Mooney, Gavin J. and Hegemann, Tim and Wolff, Alexander and Wybrow, Michael and Purchase, Helen C.},
  title =	{{Universal Quality Metrics for Graph Drawings: Which Graphs Excite Us Most?}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)},
  pages =	{30:1--30:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-403-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{357},
  editor =	{Dujmovi\'{c}, Vida and Montecchiani, Fabrizio},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.30},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-250162},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.30},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph drawing metrics, metric landscape, straight-line drawings, polyline drawings, curved drawings, automated extraction of graph drawings}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.37
Show Me Your Best Side: Characteristics of User-Preferred Perspectives for 3D Graph Drawings

Authors: Lucas Joos, Gavin J. Mooney, Maximilian T. Fischer, Daniel A. Keim, Falk Schreiber, Helen C. Purchase, and Karsten Klein

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 357, 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)

Abstract
The visual analysis of graphs in 3D has become increasingly popular, accelerated by the rise of immersive technology, such as augmented and virtual reality. Unlike 2D drawings, 3D graph layouts are highly viewpoint-dependent, making perspective selection critical for revealing structural and relational patterns. Despite its importance, there is limited empirical evidence guiding what constitutes an effective or preferred viewpoint from the user’s perspective. In this paper, we present a systematic investigation into user-preferred viewpoints in 3D graph visualisations. We conducted a controlled study with 23 participants in a virtual reality environment, where users selected their most and least preferred viewpoints for 36 different graphs varying in size and layout. From this data, enriched by qualitative feedback, we distil common strategies underlying viewpoint choice. We further analyse the alignment of user preferences with classical 2D aesthetic criteria (e.g., Crossings), 3D-specific measures (e.g., Node-Node Occlusion), and introduce a novel measure capturing the perceivability of a graph’s principal axes (Isometric Viewpoint Deviation). Our data-driven analysis indicates that Stress, Crossings, Gabriel Ratio, Edge-Node Overlap, and Isometric Viewpoint Deviation are key indicators of viewpoint preference. Beyond our findings, we contribute a publicly available dataset consisting of the graphs and computed aesthetic measures, supporting further research and the development of viewpoint evaluation measures for 3D graph drawing.
Cite as

Lucas Joos, Gavin J. Mooney, Maximilian T. Fischer, Daniel A. Keim, Falk Schreiber, Helen C. Purchase, and Karsten Klein. Show Me Your Best Side: Characteristics of User-Preferred Perspectives for 3D Graph Drawings. In 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 357, pp. 37:1-37:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{joos_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2025.37,
  author =	{Joos, Lucas and Mooney, Gavin J. and Fischer, Maximilian T. and Keim, Daniel A. and Schreiber, Falk and Purchase, Helen C. and Klein, Karsten},
  title =	{{Show Me Your Best Side: Characteristics of User-Preferred Perspectives for 3D Graph Drawings}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)},
  pages =	{37:1--37:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-403-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{357},
  editor =	{Dujmovi\'{c}, Vida and Montecchiani, Fabrizio},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.37},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-250236},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.37},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Aesthetics, Immersive 3D, Node-Link Diagrams, Empirical Evaluation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.38
Stress in Graph Drawings: Perception, Preference, and Performance

Authors: Gavin J. Mooney, Jacob Miller, Michael Wybrow, Stephen Kobourov, and Helen C. Purchase

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 357, 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)

Abstract
Stress in a graph drawing has been a popular layout principle for more than two decades. Low stress drawings exhibit the property that the geometric distances between all pairs of nodes correlate with the shortest paths between them. The assumption has always been that low stress drawings are "nicer" and better support human perception and comprehension than high stress drawings. In this paper, we put these assumptions to the test. We use a normalised scale-independent and rotation-independent metric for stress; this is necessary to ensure strict controls on our experimental stimuli. We report on three experiments, exploring human perception of stress, preference for stress, and the effect of stress on a graph performance task. We conclude that people can see stress in a graph drawing, that they prefer low stress drawings, and that their performance in a shortest path task improves as stress decreases - thus empirically confirming long-standing assumptions.
Cite as

Gavin J. Mooney, Jacob Miller, Michael Wybrow, Stephen Kobourov, and Helen C. Purchase. Stress in Graph Drawings: Perception, Preference, and Performance. In 33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 357, pp. 38:1-38:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{mooney_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2025.38,
  author =	{Mooney, Gavin J. and Miller, Jacob and Wybrow, Michael and Kobourov, Stephen and Purchase, Helen C.},
  title =	{{Stress in Graph Drawings: Perception, Preference, and Performance}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2025)},
  pages =	{38:1--38:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-403-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{357},
  editor =	{Dujmovi\'{c}, Vida and Montecchiani, Fabrizio},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.38},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-250240},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2025.38},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Drawing, Graph Drawing Metrics, Stress, Visual Perception, User Study}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.21
The Perception of Stress in Graph Drawings

Authors: Gavin J. Mooney, Helen C. Purchase, Michael Wybrow, Stephen G. Kobourov, and Jacob Miller

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 320, 32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024)

Abstract
Most of the common graph layout principles (a.k.a. "aesthetics") on which many graph drawing algorithms are based are easy to define and to perceive. For example, the number of pairs of edges that cross each other, how symmetric a drawing looks, the aspect ratio of the bounding box, or the angular resolution at the nodes. The extent to which a graph drawing conforms to these principles can be determined by looking at how it is drawn - that is, by looking at the marks on the page - without consideration for the underlying structure of the graph. A key layout principle is that of optimising "stress", the basis for many algorithms such as the popular Kamada & Kawai algorithm and several force-directed algorithms. The stress of a graph drawing is, loosely speaking, the extent to which the geometric distance between each pair of nodes is proportional to the shortest path between them - over the whole graph drawing. The definition of stress therefore relies on the underlying structure of the graph (the "paths") in a way that other layout principles do not, making stress difficult to describe to novices unfamiliar with graph drawing principles, and, we believe, difficult to perceive. We conducted an experiment to see whether people (novices as well as experts) can see stress in graph drawings, and found that it is possible to train novices to "see" stress - even if their perception strategies are not based on the definitional concepts.
Cite as

Gavin J. Mooney, Helen C. Purchase, Michael Wybrow, Stephen G. Kobourov, and Jacob Miller. The Perception of Stress in Graph Drawings. In 32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 320, pp. 21:1-21:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{mooney_et_al:LIPIcs.GD.2024.21,
  author =	{Mooney, Gavin J. and Purchase, Helen C. and Wybrow, Michael and Kobourov, Stephen G. and Miller, Jacob},
  title =	{{The Perception of Stress in Graph Drawings}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2024)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-343-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{320},
  editor =	{Felsner, Stefan and Klein, Karsten},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-213051},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.GD.2024.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Stress, Graph Drawing, Visual Perception}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagRep.5.11.103
Crowdsourcing and Human-Centred Experiments (Dagstuhl Seminar 15481)

Authors: Daniel Archambault, Tobias Hoßfeld, and Helen C. Purchase

Published in: Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 5, Issue 11 (2016)

Abstract
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 15481 "Evaluation in the Crowd: Crowdsourcing and Human-Centred Experiments". Human-centred empirical evaluations play important roles in the fields of human-computer interaction, visualization, graphics, multimedia, and psychology. The advent of crowdsourcing platforms, such as Amazon Mechanical Turk or Microworkers, has provided a revolutionary methodology to conduct human-centred experiments. Through such platforms, experiments can now collect data from hundreds, even thousands, of participants from a diverse user community over a matter of weeks, greatly increasing the ease with which we can collect data as well as the power and generalizability of experimental results. However, such an experimental platform does not come without its problems: ensuring participant investment in the task, defining experimental controls, and understanding the ethics behind deploying such experiments en-masse. The major interests of the seminar participants were focused in different working groups on (W1) Crowdsourcing Technology, (W2) Crowdsourcing Community, (W3) Crowdsourcing vs. Lab, (W4) Crowdsourcing & Visualization, (W5) Crowdsourcing & Psychology, (W6) Crowdsourcing & QoE Assessment.
Cite as

Daniel Archambault, Tobias Hoßfeld, and Helen C. Purchase. Crowdsourcing and Human-Centred Experiments (Dagstuhl Seminar 15481). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 5, Issue 11, pp. 103-126, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@Article{archambault_et_al:DagRep.5.11.103,
  author =	{Archambault, Daniel and Ho{\ss}feld, Tobias and Purchase, Helen C.},
  title =	{{Crowdsourcing and Human-Centred Experiments (Dagstuhl Seminar 15481)}},
  pages =	{103--126},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Reports},
  ISSN =	{2192-5283},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{5},
  number =	{11},
  editor =	{Archambault, Daniel and Ho{\ss}feld, Tobias and Purchase, Helen C.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.5.11.103},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-57676},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagRep.5.11.103},
  annote =	{Keywords: Crowdsourcing; Human Computation; Crowdsourcing Design, Mechanisms, Engineering; Practical Experience; Computer Graphics; Applied Perception; HCI; Visualization}
}

Purchase, Helen

Document
DOI: 10.4230/DagRep.3.5.19
Information Visualization - Towards Multivariate Network Visualization (Dagstuhl Seminar 13201)

Authors: Andreas Kerren, Helen Purchase, and Mathew O. Ward

Published in: Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 3, Issue 5 (2013)

Abstract
Information Visualization (InfoVis) focuses on the use of visualization techniques to help people understand and analyze large and complex data sets. The aim of this third Dagstuhl Seminar on Information Visualization was to bring together theoreticians and practitioners from Information Visualization, HCI, and Graph Drawing with a special focus on multivariate network visualization, i.e., on graphs where the nodes and/or edges have additional (multidimensional) attributes. To support discussions related to the visualization of real world data, researchers from selected application areas, especially bioinformatics, social sciences, and software engineering, were also invited. During the seminar, working groups on six different topics were formed and enabled a critical reflection on ongoing research efforts, the state of the field in multivariate network visualization, and key research challenges today. This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 13201 "Information Visualization -- Towards Multivariate Network Visualization".
Cite as

Andreas Kerren, Helen Purchase, and Mathew O. Ward. Information Visualization - Towards Multivariate Network Visualization (Dagstuhl Seminar 13201). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 3, Issue 5, pp. 19-42, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@Article{kerren_et_al:DagRep.3.5.19,
  author =	{Kerren, Andreas and Purchase, Helen and Ward, Mathew O.},
  title =	{{Information Visualization - Towards Multivariate Network Visualization (Dagstuhl Seminar 13201)}},
  pages =	{19--42},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Reports},
  ISSN =	{2192-5283},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{3},
  number =	{5},
  editor =	{Kerren, Andreas and Purchase, Helen and Ward, Mathew O.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.3.5.19},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-41775},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagRep.3.5.19},
  annote =	{Keywords: Information visualization, visualization, network visualization, graph drawing, visual analytics, network analysis, interaction}
}
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