On Solving Linear Systems in Sublinear Time

Authors Alexandr Andoni, Robert Krauthgamer, Yosef Pogrow



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Author Details

Alexandr Andoni
  • Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Robert Krauthgamer
  • Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Yosef Pogrow
  • Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

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Alexandr Andoni, Robert Krauthgamer, and Yosef Pogrow. On Solving Linear Systems in Sublinear Time. In 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 124, pp. 3:1-3:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2019.3

Abstract

We study sublinear algorithms that solve linear systems locally. In the classical version of this problem the input is a matrix S in R^{n x n} and a vector b in R^n in the range of S, and the goal is to output x in R^n satisfying Sx=b. For the case when the matrix S is symmetric diagonally dominant (SDD), the breakthrough algorithm of Spielman and Teng [STOC 2004] approximately solves this problem in near-linear time (in the input size which is the number of non-zeros in S), and subsequent papers have further simplified, improved, and generalized the algorithms for this setting.
Here we focus on computing one (or a few) coordinates of x, which potentially allows for sublinear algorithms. Formally, given an index u in [n] together with S and b as above, the goal is to output an approximation x^_u for x^*_u, where x^* is a fixed solution to Sx=b.
Our results show that there is a qualitative gap between SDD matrices and the more general class of positive semidefinite (PSD) matrices. For SDD matrices, we develop an algorithm that approximates a single coordinate x_{u} in time that is polylogarithmic in n, provided that S is sparse and has a small condition number (e.g., Laplacian of an expander graph). The approximation guarantee is additive | x^_u-x^*_u | <=epsilon | x^* |_infty for accuracy parameter epsilon>0. We further prove that the condition-number assumption is necessary and tight.
In contrast to the SDD matrices, we prove that for certain PSD matrices S, the running time must be at least polynomial in n (for the same additive approximation), even if S has bounded sparsity and condition number.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Streaming, sublinear and near linear time algorithms
Keywords
  • Linear systems
  • Laplacian solver
  • Sublinear time
  • Randomized linear algebra

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