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This report documents the program and the outcomes of the Dagstuhl Seminar 23461 "Space and Artificial Intelligence". The seminar was interdisciplinary, situated at the intersection of research on AI / computer science and space research. Since each of these is a very wide field on its own, we focussed on a selection of topics from each of the two and their intersections. On the artificial intelligence side, we focused on data-driven AI, which makes use of data in order to produce intelligent behaviour and notably includes machine learning approaches. We also considered knowledge-based AI, which is focussed on the explicit formalisation of human knowledge and its use for tasks such as reasoning, planning, and scheduling. On the space research side, we considered the two major branches of space operations (SO) and Earth observation (EO). The seminar brought together a diverse set of players, including researchers from academia, on one hand, and practitioners from space agencies (ESA, NASA) and industry, on the other hand. The seminar included plenary talks and parallel group discussions. Through the plenary talks, we obtained insight into the state-of-the-art in the different areas of AI research and space research, and especially in their intersections. Through the parallel group discussions, we identified obstacles and challenges to further progress and charted directions for further work.