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Spread of Information and Diseases via Random Walks in Sparse Graphs

Authors George Giakkoupis, Hayk Saribekyan, Thomas Sauerwald

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ACM Subject Classification
  • Mathematics of computing → Stochastic processes
  • Theory of computation → Random walks and Markov chains
  • Mathematics of computing → Graph algorithms
Keywords
  • parallel random walks
  • information dissemination
  • infectious diseases

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Abstract

We consider a natural network diffusion process, modeling the spread of information or infectious diseases. Multiple mobile agents perform independent simple random walks on an n-vertex connected graph G. The number of agents is linear in n and the walks start from the stationary distribution. Initially, a single vertex has a piece of information (or a virus). An agent becomes informed (or infected) the first time it visits some vertex with the information (or virus); thereafter, the agent informs (infects) all vertices it visits. Giakkoupis et al. [George Giakkoupis et al., 2019] have shown that the spreading time, i.e., the time before all vertices are informed, is asymptotically and w.h.p. the same as in the well-studied randomized rumor spreading process, on any d-regular graph with d = Ω(log n). The case of sub-logarithmic degree was left open, and is the main focus of this paper.
First, we observe that the equivalence shown in [George Giakkoupis et al., 2019] does not hold for small d: We give an example of a 3-regular graph with logarithmic diameter for which the expected spreading time is Ω(log² n/log log n), whereas randomized rumor spreading is completed in time Θ(log n), w.h.p. Next, we show a general upper bound of Õ(d ⋅ diam(G) + log³ n /d), w.h.p., for the spreading time on any d-regular graph. We also provide a version of the bound based on the average degree, for non-regular graphs. Next, we give tight analyses for specific graph families. We show that the spreading time is O(log n), w.h.p., for constant-degree regular expanders. For the binary tree, we show an upper bound of O(log n⋅ log log n), w.h.p., and prove that this is tight, by giving a matching lower bound for the cover time of the tree by n random walks. Finally, we show a bound of O(diam(G)), w.h.p., for k-dimensional grids (k ≥ 1 is constant), by adapting a technique by Kesten and Sidoravicius [Kesten and Sidoravicius, 2003; Kesten and Sidoravicius, 2005].

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George Giakkoupis, Hayk Saribekyan, and Thomas Sauerwald. Spread of Information and Diseases via Random Walks in Sparse Graphs. In 34th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 179, pp. 9:1-9:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2020.9

Author Details

George Giakkoupis
  • Inria, Université Rennes, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
Hayk Saribekyan
  • University of Cambridge, UK
Thomas Sauerwald
  • University of Cambridge, UK

Funding

  • Giakkoupis, George: Supported in part by ANR Project PAMELA (ANR16-CE23-0016-01).
  • Saribekyan, Hayk: Gates Cambridge Scholarship programme.
  • Sauerwald, Thomas: Supported by the ERC Grant "Dynamic March".

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