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Crêpe: Clock-Reconfiguration-Aware Preemption Control in Real-Time Systems with Devices

Authors Eva Dengler , Peter Wägemann

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Eva Dengler
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
Peter Wägemann
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Funding

This work is funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) under the project number 502947440 (WA 5186/1-1, Watwa: Whole-System Optimality Analysis and Tailoring of Worst-Case-Constrained Applications).

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Eva Dengler and Peter Wägemann. Crêpe: Clock-Reconfiguration-Aware Preemption Control in Real-Time Systems with Devices. In 36th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 298, pp. 10:1-10:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2024.10

Abstract

The domain of energy-constrained real-time systems that are operated on modern embedded system-on-chip (SoC) platforms brings numerous novel challenges for optimal resource minimization. These modern hardware platforms offer a heterogeneous variety of features to configure the tradeoff between temporal performance and energy efficiency, which goes beyond the state-of-the-art of existing dynamic-voltage-frequency-scaling (DVFS) scheduling schemes. The control center for configuring this tradeoff on platforms are complex clock subsystems that are intertwined with requirements of the SoC’s components (e.g., transceiver/memory/sensor devices). That is, several devices have precedence constraints with respect to specific clock sources and their settings. The challenge of dynamically adapting the various clock sources to select resource-optimal configurations becomes especially challenging in the presence of asynchronous preemptions, which are inherent to systems that use devices.
In this paper, we present Crêpe, an approach to clock-reconfiguration-aware preemption control: Crêpe has an understanding of the target platform’s clock subsystem, its sleep states, and penalties to reconfigure clock sources for adapting clock frequencies. Crêpe’s hardware model is combined with an awareness of the application’s device requirements for each executed task, as well as possible interrupts that cause preemptions during runtime. Using these software/hardware constraints, Crêpe employs, in its offline phase, a mathematical formalization in order to select energy-minimal configurations while meeting given deadlines. This optimizing formalization, processed by standard mathematical solver tools, accounts for potentially occurring interrupts and the respective clock reconfigurations, which are then forwarded as alternative schedules to Crêpe’s runtime system. During runtime, the dispatcher assesses these offline-determined alternative schedules and reconfigures the clock sources for energy minimization. We developed an implementation based on a widely-used SoC platform (i.e., ESP32-C3) and an automated testbed for comprehensive energy-consumption evaluations to validate Crêpe’s claim of selecting resource-optimal settings under worst-case considerations.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Computer systems organization → Real-time systems
  • Computer systems organization → Embedded systems
Keywords
  • energy-constrained real-time systems
  • time/energy tradeoff
  • system-on-chip
  • energy-aware real-time scheduling
  • resource minimization
  • preemption control
  • worst-case energy consumption (WCEC)
  • worst-case execution time (WCET)
  • static whole-system analysis

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