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Extremely Deep Proofs

Authors Noah Fleming, Toniann Pitassi, Robert Robere

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Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Proof complexity
Keywords
  • Proof Complexity
  • Tradeoffs
  • Resolution
  • Cutting Planes

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Abstract

We further the study of supercritical tradeoffs in proof and circuit complexity, which is a type of tradeoff between complexity parameters where restricting one complexity parameter forces another to exceed its worst-case upper bound. In particular, we prove a new family of supercritical tradeoffs between depth and size for Resolution, Res(k), and Cutting Planes proofs. For each of these proof systems we construct, for each c ≤ n^{1-ε}, a formula with n^{O(c)} clauses and n variables that has a proof of size n^{O(c)} but in which any proof of size no more than roughly exponential in n^{1-ε}/c must necessarily have depth ≈ n^c. By setting c = o(n^{1-ε}) we therefore obtain exponential lower bounds on proof depth; this far exceeds the trivial worst-case upper bound of n. In doing so we give a simplified proof of a supercritical depth/width tradeoff for tree-like Resolution from [Alexander A. Razborov, 2016]. Finally, we outline several conjectures that would imply similar supercritical tradeoffs between size and depth in circuit complexity via lifting theorems.

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Noah Fleming, Toniann Pitassi, and Robert Robere. Extremely Deep Proofs. In 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 215, pp. 70:1-70:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.70

Author Details

Noah Fleming
  • University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
  • Memorial University, Canada
Toniann Pitassi
  • University of Toronto, Canada
  • Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
  • IAS, Princeton, NJ, USA
Robert Robere
  • McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Funding

  • Fleming, Noah: Research supported by NSERC.
  • Pitassi, Toniann: Research supported by NSERC, the IAS School of Mathematics and NSF Grant No. CCF-1900460.
  • Robere, Robert: Research supported by NSERC.

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