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Fractional Homomorphism, Weisfeiler-Leman Invariance, and the Sherali-Adams Hierarchy for the Constraint Satisfaction Problem

Authors Silvia Butti , Víctor Dalmau

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ACM Subject Classification
  • Mathematics of computing → Graph theory
  • Theory of computation → Constraint and logic programming
Keywords
  • Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm
  • Sherali-Adams hierarchy
  • Graph homomorphism
  • Constraint Satisfaction Problem

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Abstract

Given a pair of graphs 𝐀 and 𝐁, the problems of deciding whether there exists either a homomorphism or an isomorphism from 𝐀 to 𝐁 have received a lot of attention. While graph homomorphism is known to be NP-complete, the complexity of the graph isomorphism problem is not fully understood. A well-known combinatorial heuristic for graph isomorphism is the Weisfeiler-Leman test together with its higher order variants. On the other hand, both problems can be reformulated as integer programs and various LP methods can be applied to obtain high-quality relaxations that can still be solved efficiently. We study so-called fractional relaxations of these programs in the more general context where 𝐀 and 𝐁 are not graphs but arbitrary relational structures. We give a combinatorial characterization of the Sherali-Adams hierarchy applied to the homomorphism problem in terms of fractional isomorphism. Collaterally, we also extend a number of known results from graph theory to give a characterization of the notion of fractional isomorphism for relational structures in terms of the Weisfeiler-Leman test, equitable partitions, and counting homomorphisms from trees. As a result, we obtain a description of the families of CSPs that are closed under Weisfeiler-Leman invariance in terms of their polymorphisms as well as decidability by the first level of the Sherali-Adams hierarchy.

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Silvia Butti and Víctor Dalmau. Fractional Homomorphism, Weisfeiler-Leman Invariance, and the Sherali-Adams Hierarchy for the Constraint Satisfaction Problem. In 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 202, pp. 27:1-27:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.27

Author Details

Silvia Butti
  • Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
Víctor Dalmau
  • Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

Funding

  • Butti, Silvia: The project that gave rise to these results received the support of a fellowship from "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/DI18/11660056. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713673.
  • Dalmau, Víctor: Víctor Dalmau was supported by MICCIN grant PID2019-109137GB-C22.

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