The Σ-Chain Product: A Succinct Model of Automata (De)Composition

Abstract

The cascade product is a fundamental construction in automata theory, enabling hierarchical composition of automata and playing a central role in decomposition results such as the Krohn–Rhodes theorem. However, its use is limited by the exponential size required to represent cascades, which stems from the fact that each component may depend on all preceding ones, leading to exponentially large alphabets.
To address this issue, we introduce the Σ-chain product, a restricted variant in which each component depends only on the input alphabet and the component immediately preceding it. We show that Σ-chains achieve linear-size representations and can be exponentially more succinct than cascades. We prove that Σ-chains and cascades are expressively equivalent even when restricting the components to specific classes of automata, such as permutation-reset automata. As a consequence, we derive that a language is regular if and only if it is recognized by a Σ-chain of permutation-reset automata. Finally, we analyze structural properties of Σ-chains of reset automata, including a relation with well-known subclasses of star-free languages.