Park et al. [TCS 2020] observed that the similarity between two (numerical) strings can be captured by the Cartesian trees: The Cartesian tree of a string is a binary tree recursively constructed by picking up the smallest value of the string as the root of the tree. Two strings of equal length are said to Cartesian-tree match if their Cartesian trees are isomorphic. Park et al. [TCS 2020] introduced the following Cartesian tree substring matching (CTMStr) problem: Given a text string T of length n and a pattern string of length m, find every consecutive substring S = T[i..j] of a text string T such that S and P Cartesian-tree match. They showed how to solve this problem in Õ(n+m) time. In this paper, we introduce the Cartesian tree subsequence matching (CTMSeq) problem, that asks to find every minimal substring S = T[i..j] of T such that S contains a subsequence S' which Cartesian-tree matches P. We prove that the CTMSeq problem can be solved efficiently, in O(m n p(n)) time, where p(n) denotes the update/query time for dynamic predecessor queries. By using a suitable dynamic predecessor data structure, we obtain O(mn log log n)-time and O(n log m)-space solution for CTMSeq. This contrasts CTMSeq with closely related order-preserving subsequence matching (OPMSeq) which was shown to be NP-hard by Bose et al. [IPL 1998].
@InProceedings{oizumi_et_al:LIPIcs.CPM.2022.14, author = {Oizumi, Tsubasa and Kai, Takeshi and Mieno, Takuya and Inenaga, Shunsuke and Arimura, Hiroki}, title = {{Cartesian Tree Subsequence Matching}}, booktitle = {33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2022)}, pages = {14:1--14:18}, series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, ISBN = {978-3-95977-234-1}, ISSN = {1868-8969}, year = {2022}, volume = {223}, editor = {Bannai, Hideo and Holub, Jan}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Dagstuhl, Germany}, URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2022.14}, URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-161414}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2022.14}, annote = {Keywords: string algorithms, pattern matching, Cartesian tree subsequence matching, order preserving matching, episode matching} }
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