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Parity Separation: A Scientifically Proven Method for Permanent Weight Loss

Author Radu Curticapean

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Radu Curticapean

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Radu Curticapean. Parity Separation: A Scientifically Proven Method for Permanent Weight Loss. In 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 55, pp. 47:1-47:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.47

Abstract

Given an edge-weighted graph G, let PerfMatch(G) denote the weighted sum over all perfect matchings M in G, weighting each matching M by the product of weights of edges in M. If G is unweighted, this plainly counts the perfect matchings of G.

In this paper, we introduce parity separation, a new method for reducing PerfMatch to unweighted instances: For graphs G with edge-weights 1 and -1, we construct two unweighted graphs G1 and G2 such that PerfMatch(G) = PerfMatch(G1) - PerfMatch(G2). This yields a novel weight removal technique for counting perfect matchings, in addition to those known from classical #P-hardness proofs. Our technique is based upon the Holant framework and matchgates. We derive the following applications:

Firstly, an alternative #P-completeness proof for counting unweighted perfect matchings.

Secondly, C=P-completeness for deciding whether two given unweighted graphs have the same number of perfect matchings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first C=P-completeness result for the “equality-testing version” of any natural counting problem that is not already #P-hard under parsimonious reductions.

Thirdly, an alternative tight lower bound for counting unweighted perfect matchings under the counting exponential-time hypothesis #ETH.

Subject Classification

Keywords
  • perfect matchings
  • counting complexity
  • structural complexity
  • exponentialtime hypothesis

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