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Fragments of Bag Relational Algebra: Expressiveness and Certain Answers

Authors Marco Console, Paolo Guagliardo , Leonid Libkin

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Author Details

Marco Console
  • School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Paolo Guagliardo
  • School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Leonid Libkin
  • School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Funding

Work supported by EPSRC grants M025268 and N023056.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Etienne Toussaint and the referees for their helpful comments.

Cite As Get BibTex

Marco Console, Paolo Guagliardo, and Leonid Libkin. Fragments of Bag Relational Algebra: Expressiveness and Certain Answers. In 22nd International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 127, pp. 8:1-8:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICDT.2019.8

Abstract

While all relational database systems are based on the bag data model, much of theoretical research still views relations as sets. Recent attempts to provide theoretical foundations for modern data management problems under the bag semantics concentrated on applications that need to deal with incomplete relations, i.e., relations populated by constants and nulls. Our goal is to provide a complete characterization of the complexity of query answering over such relations in fragments of bag relational algebra.
The main challenges that we face are twofold. First, bag relational algebra has more operations than its set analog (e.g., additive union, max-union, min-intersection, duplicate elimination) and the relationship between various fragments is not fully known. Thus we first fill this gap. Second, we look at query answering over incomplete data, which again is more complex than in the set case: rather than certainty and possibility of answers, we now have numerical information about occurrences of tuples. We then fully classify the complexity of finding this information in all the fragments of bag relational algebra.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Database theory
  • Theory of computation → Database query languages (principles)
  • Theory of computation → Incomplete, inconsistent, and uncertain databases
  • Information systems → Relational database query languages
  • Information systems → Structured Query Language
Keywords
  • bag semantics
  • relational algebra
  • expressivity
  • certain answers
  • complexity

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