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Generating and Exploiting Deep Learning Variants to Increase Heterogeneous Resource Utilization in the NVIDIA Xavier

Authors Roger Pujol , Hamid Tabani , Leonidas Kosmidis , Enrico Mezzetti , Jaume Abella , Francisco J. Cazorla

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Author Details

Roger Pujol
  • Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain
  • Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Spain
Hamid Tabani
  • Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Spain
Leonidas Kosmidis
  • Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Spain
Enrico Mezzetti
  • Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Spain
Jaume Abella
  • Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Spain
Francisco J. Cazorla
  • Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Spain

Funding

This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under grant TIN2015-65316-P, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 772773), and the HiPEAC Network of Excellence. MINECO partially supported Jaume Abella under Ramon y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship (RYC-2013-14717), Enrico Mezzetti under Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación postdoctoral fellowship (IJCI-2016-27396), and Leonidas Kosmidis under Juan de la Cierva-Formación postdoctoral fellowship (FJCI-2017-34095).

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Roger Pujol, Hamid Tabani, Leonidas Kosmidis, Enrico Mezzetti, Jaume Abella, and Francisco J. Cazorla. Generating and Exploiting Deep Learning Variants to Increase Heterogeneous Resource Utilization in the NVIDIA Xavier. In 31st Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 133, pp. 23:1-23:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2019.23

Abstract

Deep learning-based solutions and, in particular, deep neural networks (DNNs) are at the heart of several functionalities in critical-real time embedded systems (CRTES) from vision-based perception (object detection and tracking) systems to trajectory planning. As a result, several DNN instances simultaneously run at any time on the same computing platform. However, while modern GPUs offer a variety of computing elements (e.g. CPUs, GPUs, and specific accelerators) in which those DNN tasks can be executed depending on their computational requirements and temporal constraints, current DNNs are mainly programmed to exploit one of them, namely, regular cores in the GPU. This creates resource imbalance and under-utilization of GPU resources when executing several DNN instances, causing an increase in DNN tasks' execution time requirements. In this paper, (a) we develop different variants (implementations) of well-known DNN libraries used in the Apollo Autonomous Driving (AD) software for each of the computing elements of the latest NVIDIA Xavier SoC. Each variant can be configured to balance resource requirements and performance: the regular CPU core implementation that can run on 2, 4, and 6 cores; the GPU regular and Tensor core variants that can run in 4 or 8 GPU’s Streaming Multiprocessors (SM); and 1 or 2 NVIDIA’s Deep Learning Accelerators (NVDLA); (b) we show that each particular variant/configuration offers a different resource utilization/performance point; finally, (c) we show how those heterogeneous computing elements can be exploited by a static scheduler to sustain the execution of multiple and diverse DNN variants on the same platform.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Computer systems organization → Neural networks
  • Computer systems organization → System on a chip
  • Computing methodologies → Graphics processors
Keywords
  • Deep Neural Network (DNN)
  • GPU
  • Heterogenous Resources

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