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The Complexity of Symmetry Breaking in Massive Graphs

Authors Christian Konrad, Sriram V. Pemmaraju, Talal Riaz, Peter Robinson

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Christian Konrad
  • Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
Sriram V. Pemmaraju
  • Department of Computer Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Talal Riaz
  • Department of Computer Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Peter Robinson
  • Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong

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Christian Konrad, Sriram V. Pemmaraju, Talal Riaz, and Peter Robinson. The Complexity of Symmetry Breaking in Massive Graphs. In 33rd International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 146, pp. 26:1-26:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2019.26

Abstract

The goal of this paper is to understand the complexity of symmetry breaking problems, specifically maximal independent set (MIS) and the closely related beta-ruling set problem, in two computational models suited for large-scale graph processing, namely the k-machine model and the graph streaming model. We present a number of results. For MIS in the k-machine model, we improve the O~(m/k^2 + Delta/k)-round upper bound of Klauck et al. (SODA 2015) by presenting an O~(m/k^2)-round algorithm. We also present an Omega~(n/k^2) round lower bound for MIS, the first lower bound for a symmetry breaking problem in the k-machine model. For beta-ruling sets, we use hierarchical sampling to obtain more efficient algorithms in the k-machine model and also in the graph streaming model. More specifically, we obtain a k-machine algorithm that runs in O~(beta n Delta^{1/beta}/k^2) rounds and, by using a similar hierarchical sampling technique, we obtain one-pass algorithms for both insertion-only and insertion-deletion streams that use O(beta * n^{1+1/2^{beta-1}}) space. The latter result establishes a clear separation between MIS, which is known to require Omega(n^2) space (Cormode et al., ICALP 2019), and beta-ruling sets, even for beta = 2. Finally, we present an even faster 2-ruling set algorithm in the k-machine model, one that runs in O~(n/k^{2-epsilon} + k^{1-epsilon}) rounds for any epsilon, 0 <=epsilon <=1. For a wide range of values of k this round complexity simplifies to O~(n/k^2) rounds, which we conjecture is optimal.
Our results use a variety of techniques. For our upper bounds, we prove and use simulation theorems for beeping algorithms, hierarchical sampling, and L_0-sampling, whereas for our lower bounds we use information-theoretic arguments and reductions to 2-party communication complexity problems.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Distributed algorithms
Keywords
  • communication complexity
  • information theory
  • k-machine model
  • maximal independent set
  • ruling set
  • streaming algorithms

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