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On the Quantum Complexity of Closest Pair and Related Problems

Authors Scott Aaronson, Nai-Hui Chia, Han-Hsuan Lin, Chunhao Wang, Ruizhe Zhang

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Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Problems, reductions and completeness
  • Theory of computation → Design and analysis of algorithms
  • Theory of computation → Quantum complexity theory
Keywords
  • Closest pair
  • Quantum computing
  • Quantum fine grained reduction
  • Quantum strong exponential time hypothesis
  • Fine grained complexity

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Abstract

The closest pair problem is a fundamental problem of computational geometry: given a set of n points in a d-dimensional space, find a pair with the smallest distance. A classical algorithm taught in introductory courses solves this problem in O(n log n) time in constant dimensions (i.e., when d = O(1)). This paper asks and answers the question of the problem’s quantum time complexity. Specifically, we give an Õ(n^(2/3)) algorithm in constant dimensions, which is optimal up to a polylogarithmic factor by the lower bound on the quantum query complexity of element distinctness. The key to our algorithm is an efficient history-independent data structure that supports quantum interference.
In polylog(n) dimensions, no known quantum algorithms perform better than brute force search, with a quadratic speedup provided by Grover’s algorithm. To give evidence that the quadratic speedup is nearly optimal, we initiate the study of quantum fine-grained complexity and introduce the Quantum Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (QSETH), which is based on the assumption that Grover’s algorithm is optimal for CNF-SAT when the clause width is large. We show that the naïve Grover approach to closest pair in higher dimensions is optimal up to an n^o(1) factor unless QSETH is false. We also study the bichromatic closest pair problem and the orthogonal vectors problem, with broadly similar results.

Cite As Get BibTex

Scott Aaronson, Nai-Hui Chia, Han-Hsuan Lin, Chunhao Wang, and Ruizhe Zhang. On the Quantum Complexity of Closest Pair and Related Problems. In 35th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 169, pp. 16:1-16:43, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.CCC.2020.16

Author Details

Scott Aaronson
  • The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
Nai-Hui Chia
  • The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
Han-Hsuan Lin
  • The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
Chunhao Wang
  • The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
Ruizhe Zhang
  • The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA

Funding

SA was supported by a Vannevar Bush Fellowship from the US Department of Defense, a Simons Investigator Award, and the Simons "It from Qubit" collaboration. NHC, HHL, and CW were supported by SA’s Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship. RZ received support from the National Science Foundation (grant CCF-1648712).

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Lijie Chen and Pasin Manurangsi for helpful discussion. We would like to thank anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions on this paper.

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