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Scalable and Secure Computation Among Strangers: Message-Competitive Byzantine Protocols

Authors John Augustine , Valerie King, Anisur Rahaman Molla , Gopal Pandurangan , Jared Saia

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Author Details

John Augustine
  • Dept. of Computer Science & Engg, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
Valerie King
  • Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Vancouver BC V8P 5C2, Canada
Anisur Rahaman Molla
  • Computer and Communication Sciences, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India
Gopal Pandurangan
  • Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
Jared Saia
  • Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, NM 87131, USA

Funding

  • Augustine, John: Research supported in part by an Extra-Mural Research Grant (file number EMR/2016/003016) and a MATRICS grant (file number MTR/2018/001198), both funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India and by the VAJRA faculty program of the Government of India.
  • King, Valerie: This work is supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant.
  • Molla, Anisur Rahaman: Research supported by DST Inspire Faculty research grant DST/INSPIRE/04/2015/002801 and ISI DCSW/TAC Project (file number E5412).
  • Pandurangan, Gopal: Research supported, in part, by NSF grants CCF-1527867, CCF-1540512, IIS-1633720, CCF-BSF-1717075, BSF award 2016419, and by the VAJRA faculty program of the Government of India.
  • Saia, Jared: This work is supported by the National Science Foundation grants CNS-1318880 and CCF-1320994.

Cite AsGet BibTex

John Augustine, Valerie King, Anisur Rahaman Molla, Gopal Pandurangan, and Jared Saia. Scalable and Secure Computation Among Strangers: Message-Competitive Byzantine Protocols. In 34th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 179, pp. 31:1-31:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2020.31

Abstract

The last decade has seen substantial progress on designing Byzantine agreement algorithms which do not require all-to-all communication. However, these protocols do require each node to play a particular role determined by its ID. Motivated by the rise of permissionless systems such as Bitcoin, where nodes can join and leave at will, we extend this research to a more practical model where initially, each node does not know the identity of its neighbors. In particular, a node can send to new destinations only by sending to random (or arbitrary) nodes, or responding to messages received from those destinations. We assume a synchronous and fully-connected network, with a full-information, but static Byzantine adversary. A major drawback of existing Byzantine protocols in this setting is that they have at least Ω(n²) message complexity, where n is the total number of nodes. In particular, the communication cost incurred by the honest nodes is Ω(n²), even when Byzantine node send no messages. In this paper, we design protocols for fundamental problems which are message-competitive, i.e., the total number of bits sent by honest nodes is not significantly more than the total sent by Byzantine nodes. We describe a message-competitive algorithm to solve Byzantine agreement, leader election, and committee election. Our algorithm sends an expected O((T+n)log n) bits and has latency O(polylog(n)) (even in the CONGEST model), where T = O(n²) is the number of bits sent by Byzantine nodes. The algorithm is resilient to (1/4-ε)n Byzantine nodes for any fixed ε > 0, and succeeds with high probability. Our message bounds are essentially optimal up to polylagarithmic factors, for algorithms that run in polylogarithmic rounds in the CONGEST model. We also show lower bounds for message-competitive Byzantine agreement regardless of rounds. We prove that, in general, one cannot hope to design Byzantine protocols that have communication cost that is significantly smaller than the cost of the Byzantine adversary.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Distributed algorithms
  • Mathematics of computing → Probabilistic algorithms
  • Mathematics of computing → Discrete mathematics
Keywords
  • Byzantine protocols
  • Byzantine agreement
  • Leader election
  • Committee election
  • Message-competitive protocol
  • Randomized protocol

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