We systematically investigate the complexity of counting subgraph patterns modulo fixed integers. For example, it is known that the parity of the number of k-matchings can be determined in polynomial time by a simple reduction to the determinant. We generalize this to an n^{f(t,s)}-time algorithm to compute modulo 2^t the number of subgraph occurrences of patterns that are s vertices away from being matchings. This shows that the known polynomial-time cases of subgraph detection (Jansen and Marx, SODA 2015) carry over into the setting of counting modulo 2^t. Complementing our algorithm, we also give a simple and self-contained proof that counting k-matchings modulo odd integers q is {Mod}_q W[1]-complete and prove that counting k-paths modulo 2 is ⊕W[1]-complete, answering an open question by Björklund, Dell, and Husfeldt (ICALP 2015).
@InProceedings{curticapean_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2021.34, author = {Curticapean, Radu and Dell, Holger and Husfeldt, Thore}, title = {{Modular Counting of Subgraphs: Matchings, Matching-Splittable Graphs, and Paths}}, booktitle = {29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)}, pages = {34:1--34:17}, series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, ISBN = {978-3-95977-204-4}, ISSN = {1868-8969}, year = {2021}, volume = {204}, editor = {Mutzel, Petra and Pagh, Rasmus and Herman, Grzegorz}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Dagstuhl, Germany}, URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.34}, URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-146154}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.34}, annote = {Keywords: Counting complexity, matchings, paths, subgraphs, parameterized complexity} }
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