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What If We Don't Pop the Stack? The Return of 2nd-Class Values

Authors Anxhelo Xhebraj, Oliver Bračevac, Guannan Wei, Tiark Rompf

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Author Details

Anxhelo Xhebraj
  • Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Oliver Bračevac
  • Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Guannan Wei
  • Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Tiark Rompf
  • Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Funding

This work was supported in part by NSF awards 1553471, 1564207, 1918483, 1910216, and DOE award DE-SC0018050.

Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments.

Cite AsGet BibTex

Anxhelo Xhebraj, Oliver Bračevac, Guannan Wei, and Tiark Rompf. What If We Don't Pop the Stack? The Return of 2nd-Class Values. In 36th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 222, pp. 15:1-15:29, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2022.15

Abstract

Using a stack for managing the local state of procedures as popularized by Algol is a simple but effective way to achieve a primitive form of automatic memory management. Hence, the call stack remains the backbone of most programming language runtimes to the present day. However, the appealing simplicity of the call stack model comes at the price of strictly enforced limitations: since every function return pops the stack, it is difficult to return stack-allocated data from a callee upwards to its caller - especially variable-size data such as closures. This paper proposes a solution by introducing a small tweak to the usual stack semantics. We design a type system that tracks the underlying storage mode of values, and when a function returns a stack-allocated value, we just don't pop the stack! Instead, the stack frame is de-allocated together with a parent the next time a heap-allocated value or primitive is returned. We identify a range of use cases where this delayed-popping strategy is beneficial, ranging from closures to trait objects to other types of variable-size data. Our evaluation shows that this execution model reduces heap and GC pressure and recovers spatial locality of programs improving execution time between 10% and 25% with respect to standard execution.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Software and its engineering → General programming languages
Keywords
  • Call stack
  • closures
  • stack allocation
  • memory management
  • 2nd-class values
  • capabilities
  • effects

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Supplementary Materials

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