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PPP-Completeness and Extremal Combinatorics

Authors Romain Bourneuf, Lukáš Folwarczný , Pavel Hubáček , Alon Rosen , Nikolaj I. Schwartzbach

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Author Details

Romain Bourneuf
  • ENS de Lyon, France
Lukáš Folwarczný
  • Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
  • Institute of Mathematics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Pavel Hubáček
  • Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
Alon Rosen
  • Bocconi University, Milano, Italy
  • Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
Nikolaj I. Schwartzbach
  • Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Denmark

Funding

  • Folwarczný, Lukáš: Supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic under the grant agreement no. 19-27871X and by the Charles University grant SVV–2020–260578.
  • Hubáček, Pavel: Supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 101019547), by the Cariplo CRYPTONOMEX grant, by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic under the grant agreement no. 19-27871X, and by the Charles University project UNCE/SCI/004.
  • Rosen, Alon: Supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 101019547) and Cariplo CRYPTONOMEX grant.
  • Schwartzbach, Nikolaj I.: This project is funded by VILLUM FONDEN under the Villum Kann Rasmussen Annual Award in Science and Technology under grant agreement no 17911.

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Romain Bourneuf, Lukáš Folwarczný, Pavel Hubáček, Alon Rosen, and Nikolaj I. Schwartzbach. PPP-Completeness and Extremal Combinatorics. In 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 251, pp. 22:1-22:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2023.22

Abstract

Many classical theorems in combinatorics establish the emergence of substructures within sufficiently large collections of objects. Well-known examples are Ramsey’s theorem on monochromatic subgraphs and the Erdős-Rado sunflower lemma. Implicit versions of the corresponding total search problems are known to be PWPP-hard under randomized reductions in the case of Ramsey’s theorem and PWPP-hard in the case of the sunflower lemma; here "implicit” means that the collection is represented by a poly-sized circuit inducing an exponentially large number of objects.
We show that several other well-known theorems from extremal combinatorics - including Erdős-Ko-Rado, Sperner, and Cayley’s formula – give rise to complete problems for PWPP and PPP. This is in contrast to the Ramsey and Erdős-Rado problems, for which establishing inclusion in PWPP has remained elusive. Besides significantly expanding the set of problems that are complete for PWPP and PPP, our work identifies some key properties of combinatorial proofs of existence that can give rise to completeness for these classes.
Our completeness results rely on efficient encodings for which finding collisions allows extracting the desired substructure. These encodings are made possible by the tightness of the bounds for the problems at hand (tighter than what is known for Ramsey’s theorem and the sunflower lemma). Previous techniques for proving bounds in TFNP invariably made use of structured algorithms. Such algorithms are not known to exist for the theorems considered in this work, as their proofs "from the book" are non-constructive.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Problems, reductions and completeness
  • Theory of computation → Complexity classes
Keywords
  • total search problems
  • extremal combinatorics
  • PPP-completeness

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