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Technical Track Paper
How Developers Use Relation Chains in Gerrit-Based Review Ecosystems: An Empirical Study Across Three Open-Source Ecosystems

Authors: Ahmed Belhouchette, Moataz Chouchen, Marouene Chaieb, Mohammad Hamdaqa, and Abdelwahab Hamou-Lhadj

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 394, 20th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM 2026)


Abstract
Background. Developers increasingly coordinate dependent review workflows by submitting sequences of related changes rather than monolithic ones. In Gerrit, these dependencies form relation chains: structured review units that link changes together. As chains become more common, they shape review activities through synchronization overhead, CI amplification, and merge-ordering constraints. Aim. We investigate how developers adopt relation chains and how these dependency structures influence review dynamics and outcomes. Method. We analyze 29,580 relation chains from 15 repositories across three Gerrit ecosystems (OpenStack, Wikimedia, ONAP), comprising 401,256 changes, using Mann-Kendall trend tests, Mann-Whitney with Cliff’s δ for chain-vs-solo comparison, and Spearman correlations for base-descendant dependency. Results. Chain prevalence ranges from 5% to 49% across projects, increasing in 14 of 15. Chain changes take a median of 2.6× longer to merge than size-matched solo changes, with the gap widening for very large changes. Review effort propagates through dependency-linked review workflows: base-change review activity co-varies with descendant review activity (ρ = 0.43-0.61 in 14-15/15 projects), and 33.5% of chain members undergo structural evolution during review. Conclusions. Relation chains operate as durable, ecosystem-shaped coordination units with internal structure that change-centric analyses cannot capture. Future review analytics, reviewer-assignment systems, and AI-assisted review tools should reason over chains rather than isolated changes.

Cite as

Ahmed Belhouchette, Moataz Chouchen, Marouene Chaieb, Mohammad Hamdaqa, and Abdelwahab Hamou-Lhadj. How Developers Use Relation Chains in Gerrit-Based Review Ecosystems: An Empirical Study Across Three Open-Source Ecosystems. In 20th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 394, pp. 26:1-26:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)


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@InProceedings{belhouchette_et_al:LIPIcs.ESEM.2026.26,
  author =	{Belhouchette, Ahmed and Chouchen, Moataz and Chaieb, Marouene and Hamdaqa, Mohammad and Hamou-Lhadj, Abdelwahab},
  title =	{{How Developers Use Relation Chains in Gerrit-Based Review Ecosystems: An Empirical Study Across Three Open-Source Ecosystems}},
  booktitle =	{20th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM 2026)},
  pages =	{26:1--26:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-450-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{394},
  editor =	{Feldt, Robert and Paasivaara, Maria and Mendez, Daniel and Wagner, Stefan and Bar\'{o}n, Marvin Mu\~{n}oz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESEM.2026.26},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-279942},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESEM.2026.26},
  annote =	{Keywords: Code review, relation chains, stacked changes, dependent patches, empirical software engineering, Gerrit}
}

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