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Short Paper
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.COSIT.2026.28
Using Social Cues for Wayfinding: An Eye-Tracking Study of Attention Allocation and Evidence Accumulation in a Virtual Reality T-Intersection (Short Paper)

Authors: Yu Qiao, Carlo Campagnoli, and Ed Manley

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 393, 17th International Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT 2026)

Abstract
In synchronous weak social wayfinding, route decisions are shaped in real time by others’ behaviour, yet the sampling and integration of social information during decision-making remain poorly understood. We investigated whether attention to pedestrians in a virtual-reality T-intersection reflects evidence accumulation preceding route commitment. Participants navigated scenes containing avatar crowds in which crowd size, proportion of credible others, directional majority, walking speed, and movement style were manipulated in an incomplete within-subjects orthogonal design. Continuous eye tracking measured attention to social cues, the destination landmark, and the surrounding scene. Results showed that gaze was directed predominantly toward social cues, whereas direct inspection of the landmark was rare. Among the manipulated factors, movement style and walking speed produced the clearest, though small, effects on fixation–saccade dynamics. Crucially, social gaze rose sharply early in the trial and then declined gradually before route commitment, suggesting that participants initially sampled social evidence and progressively reduced inspection as the decision unfolded. These findings indicate that social navigation involves accumulating and integrating others’ behaviour over time rather than simply following them.
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Yu Qiao, Carlo Campagnoli, and Ed Manley. Using Social Cues for Wayfinding: An Eye-Tracking Study of Attention Allocation and Evidence Accumulation in a Virtual Reality T-Intersection (Short Paper). In 17th International Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 393, pp. 28:1-28:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@InProceedings{qiao_et_al:LIPIcs.COSIT.2026.28,
  author =	{Qiao, Yu and Campagnoli, Carlo and Manley, Ed},
  title =	{{Using Social Cues for Wayfinding: An Eye-Tracking Study of Attention Allocation and Evidence Accumulation in a Virtual Reality T-Intersection}},
  booktitle =	{17th International Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT 2026)},
  pages =	{28:1--28:9},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-438-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{393},
  editor =	{Timpf, Sabine and Filomena, Gabriele and Kapaj, Armand and Zhu, Rui and Giudice, Nicholas A. and Manley, Ed},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.COSIT.2026.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-275723},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.COSIT.2026.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: Social navigation, wayfinding, eye tracking, virtual reality, evidence accumulation, attention}
}

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