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Documents authored by Ferro Junior, Raimundo Juracy Campos

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DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2026.7
Polarizations in Static Word Embeddings: Investigating Bias in Marginalized Dialects of Portuguese

Authors: Raimundo Juracy Campos Ferro Junior, Eugénio Ribeiro, and Leonardo Sampaio Rocha

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 144, 15th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2026)

Abstract
This study investigates bias in static word embeddings applied to Pajubá, a dialect spoken within the Brazilian LGBTQIAP+ community. Four models from the NILC repository (Word2Vec, GloVe, FastText, and Wang2Vec) were evaluated across two dimensions: representational capacity and polarity analysis. The vocabulary coverage test revealed that approximately 74% of dialectal terms are present in the models' vector spaces. The RND and SC-WEAT tests consistently point toward negative associations for identity terms across all models, with the SC-WEAT further suggesting that reappropriated dialect terms carry their standard Portuguese positive valence into the embedding space, while explicit identitarian markers remain negatively encoded. An adjectivation test confirms stereotypical associations, including the linkage of travesti with criminality and the pathologisation of gay. These findings suggest that static word embeddings fail to capture the sociolinguistic complexity of Pajubá and systematically reflect the dominant and often discriminatory discourses present in the training corpora.
Cite as

Raimundo Juracy Campos Ferro Junior, Eugénio Ribeiro, and Leonardo Sampaio Rocha. Polarizations in Static Word Embeddings: Investigating Bias in Marginalized Dialects of Portuguese. In 15th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2026). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 144, pp. 7:1-7:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@InProceedings{ferrojunior_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2026.7,
  author =	{Ferro Junior, Raimundo Juracy Campos and Ribeiro, Eug\'{e}nio and Rocha, Leonardo Sampaio},
  title =	{{Polarizations in Static Word Embeddings: Investigating Bias in Marginalized Dialects of Portuguese}},
  booktitle =	{15th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2026)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:15},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-440-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{144},
  editor =	{Batista, Fernando and Ribeiro, Eug\'{e}nio and Ribeiro, Ricardo and Santos, Andr\'{e} L.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2026.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-267055},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2026.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: word embeddings, bias detection, Portuguese, LGBTQIAP+, pajub\'{a}, NLP, lexical association, static embeddings}
}
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