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Short Paper
A Cross-Linguistic Evaluation of Cardinal Direction Reasoning in LLMs (Short Paper)

Authors: Panagiota Gyftou, Robert E. Blackwell, Manolis Koubarakis, and Anthony G. Cohn

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 393, 17th International Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT 2026)


Abstract
We present a cross-linguistic evaluation of cardinal direction reasoning in large language models. We extend an earlier cardinal direction benchmark, translating the questions into Greek and French and compare 10 LLMs on the new benchmarks.

Cite as

Panagiota Gyftou, Robert E. Blackwell, Manolis Koubarakis, and Anthony G. Cohn. A Cross-Linguistic Evaluation of Cardinal Direction Reasoning in LLMs (Short Paper). In 17th International Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 393, pp. 18:1-18:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)


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@InProceedings{gyftou_et_al:LIPIcs.COSIT.2026.18,
  author =	{Gyftou, Panagiota and Blackwell, Robert E. and Koubarakis, Manolis and Cohn, Anthony G.},
  title =	{{A Cross-Linguistic Evaluation of Cardinal Direction Reasoning in LLMs}},
  booktitle =	{17th International Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT 2026)},
  pages =	{18:1--18:9},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-438-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{393},
  editor =	{Timpf, Sabine and Filomena, Gabriele and Kapaj, Armand and Zhu, Rui and Giudice, Nicholas A. and Manley, Ed},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.COSIT.2026.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-275629},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.COSIT.2026.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: Large Language Models, Spatial Reasoning, Cardinal Directions}
}

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