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Adaptive Garbled Circuits and Garbled RAM from Non-Programmable Random Oracles

Authors: Cruz Barnum, David Heath, Vladimir Kolesnikov, and Rafail Ostrovsky

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 385, 7th Conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC 2026)


Abstract
Garbled circuit techniques secure in the adaptive setting - where inputs are chosen after a garbled program is sent - are motivated by practice, but they are difficult to achieve. Prior adaptive garbling is either impractically expensive or encrypts the garbled program with the output of a programmable random oracle (PRO). This latter approach introduces a strong model and incurs computational overhead. We present a simple framework for proving adaptive security of garbling schemes in the non-programmable random oracle (NPRO) model. NPRO is a milder model than PRO, and it is close to the assumption required by the widely used Free XOR extension. Our framework is applicable to a number of existing GC techniques, which are proved adaptively secure without modification (and hence incurring no overhead). As our main application, we construct and prove adaptively secure a garbling scheme for tri-state circuits, a model that captures both Boolean circuits and RAM programs (Heath et al., Crypto 2023). For TSC C, our garbling of C is at most |C|⋅ λ bits long, for security parameter λ. This implies both an adaptively secure garbled Boolean circuit scheme, and an adaptively secure garbled RAM scheme where the garbling of a T-step RAM program has size O(T ⋅ log³ T ⋅ log log T ⋅ λ) bits. Our scheme is concretely efficient: its Boolean circuit handling matches the performance of half-gates, and it is adaptively secure from NPRO.

Cite as

Cruz Barnum, David Heath, Vladimir Kolesnikov, and Rafail Ostrovsky. Adaptive Garbled Circuits and Garbled RAM from Non-Programmable Random Oracles. In 7th Conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 385, pp. 11:1-11:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)


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@InProceedings{barnum_et_al:LIPIcs.ITC.2026.11,
  author =	{Barnum, Cruz and Heath, David and Kolesnikov, Vladimir and Ostrovsky, Rafail},
  title =	{{Adaptive Garbled Circuits and Garbled RAM from Non-Programmable Random Oracles}},
  booktitle =	{7th Conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC 2026)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-426-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{385},
  editor =	{Dodis, Yevgeniy},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITC.2026.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-271048},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITC.2026.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Adaptive Garbling, Garbled RAM, Random Oracle Model}
}
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