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Covering Points with Rectangular Boundaries

Authors: Madhumita Kundu, Daniel Lokshtanov, Soumi Nandi, Saket Saurabh, and Kushal Singanporia

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 388, 34th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2026)


Abstract
Geometric covering problems typically ask for a small family of geometric objects whose union contains all input points. In this paper we study a more rigid variant, boundary covering, where every point must lie on the boundary of at least one chosen object. Motivated by the framework of Langerman and Morin [Discret. Comput. Geom., 2005] for boundary covering by hyperspheres, we initiate a systematic study of boundary covering by axis-parallel rectangles in the plane. We first consider the discrete setting, where the rectangles must be chosen from a given family. We define Boundary Covering with Discrete Axis-Parallel Rectangles (BCDAPR) as follows: given a point set P ⊆ ℝ², a collection ℛ of axis-parallel rectangles, and an integer k, decide whether P can be covered by the boundaries of at most k rectangles from ℛ. We prove that this discrete boundary-covering problem is W[1]-hard when parameterized by k. This motivates the continuous variant, where we are allowed to place rectangles freely. We define Boundary Covering with Continuous Axis-Parallel Rectangles (BCCAPR) as follows: given a point set P ⊆ ℝ² and an integer k, decide whether P can be covered by the boundaries of at most k axis-parallel rectangles. In contrast to the discrete case, we show that BCCAPR is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by k, with running time 2^𝒪(k log k) ⋅ n^𝒪(1), where n = |P|. Our results does a fine-grained structural analysis of how k rectangles can interact with the point set. On the hardness side, we show that moving from lines to slightly richer shapes already incurs intractability: we prove NP-completeness for boundary covering by axis-aligned L-shapes, and then lift it to NP-completeness of BCCAPR. For the algorithm we reduce BCCAPR to at most 2^𝒪(k log k) instances of Distinct Domain Monotone ,$-CSP, each solvable in polynomial time.

Cite as

Madhumita Kundu, Daniel Lokshtanov, Soumi Nandi, Saket Saurabh, and Kushal Singanporia. Covering Points with Rectangular Boundaries. In 34th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 388, pp. 153:1-153:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)


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@InProceedings{kundu_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2026.153,
  author =	{Kundu, Madhumita and Lokshtanov, Daniel and Nandi, Soumi and Saurabh, Saket and Singanporia, Kushal},
  title =	{{Covering Points with Rectangular Boundaries}},
  booktitle =	{34th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2026)},
  pages =	{153:1--153:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-445-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{388},
  editor =	{Bille, Philip and Pettie, Seth and Storandt, Sabine},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2026.153},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-272897},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2026.153},
  annote =	{Keywords: Geometric Covering, Axis-parallel Rectangles, W\lbrack1\rbrack and NP Hardness, Fixed Parameter Tractability, CSP}
}
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