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Multi-Currency AMMs for Decentralized FOREX Markets: Feasibility & Optimal Design

Authors: Reina Ke Xin Li, Andreas Park, Andreas Veneris, and Srisht Fateh Singh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 395, 8th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT 2026)


Abstract
Most currency pairs lack a direct liquid market, so international foreign exchange relies on routing transactions through a dominant vehicle currency. Multi-currency automated market makers (AMMs) offer an alternative by sharing liquidity across many currency pairs, facilitating direct cross-currency trade while exploiting liquidity consolidation. This paper studies a multi-currency pool design that minimizes trading cost. Under a constant-mean AMM architecture, equilibrium trading costs reflect the trade-off between reduced price impact from consolidated liquidity and increased impermanent loss from joint return risk. This work derives closed-form costs, characterizes optimal pool weights, and shows that the optimized multi-currency pool dominates the status quo over a range of market parameters. It then formulates the system-level problem of partitioning currencies into multi-currency pools, which is solved using a hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithm. Empirically, using exchange rate and trade data for 43 currencies over 2008-2023, the algorithm runs in 1.6 seconds and produces pools with geographic and economic structure. Notably, this reduces realized costs by 13% relative to the status quo of vehicle-currency routing, with gains stable through episodes of global financial stress.

Cite as

Reina Ke Xin Li, Andreas Park, Andreas Veneris, and Srisht Fateh Singh. Multi-Currency AMMs for Decentralized FOREX Markets: Feasibility & Optimal Design. In 8th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 395, pp. 13:1-13:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)


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@InProceedings{li_et_al:LIPIcs.AFT.2026.13,
  author =	{Li, Reina Ke Xin and Park, Andreas and Veneris, Andreas and Singh, Srisht Fateh},
  title =	{{Multi-Currency AMMs for Decentralized FOREX Markets: Feasibility \& Optimal Design}},
  booktitle =	{8th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT 2026)},
  pages =	{13:1--13:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-451-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{395},
  editor =	{Kiayias, Aggelos and Kyropoulou, Maria},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2026.13},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-278671},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2026.13},
  annote =	{Keywords: automated market makers, decentralized finance, currency foreign exchange}
}

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