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Documents authored by Reghenzani, Federico

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2026.11
On DoS Attacks Exploiting Input Representativeness in Mixed-Criticality Systems

Authors: Nicolas Benatti, Federico Reghenzani, and Vittorio Zaccaria

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 375, 38th European Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2026)

Abstract
In order to satisfy power, area and cost constraints, modern Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) often consolidate tasks with vastly different assurance requirements onto a shared platform. Mixed-Criticality Systems (MCSs) enable this consolidation while maintaining timing guarantees on complex hardware through probabilistic timing analysis. Among these techniques, Measurement-Based Probabilistic Timing Analysis (MBPTA) has gained popularity in recent years; it works by deriving Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) estimates from input samples collected at design time. The impossibility of fully covering tasks' input space during MBPTA can pave the way for Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks: adversaries can, for example, craft data-oriented and sensor spoofing attacks that force execution along unobserved paths, inducing WCET overruns and deadline violations. This work demonstrates that temporal DoS attacks exploiting insufficient input representativeness pose a credible threat to MCSs, showing substantial impact on availability and criticality mode transitions through comprehensive simulations. Next, rather than pursuing unattainable perfect input coverage at design time, we investigate runtime detection via monitoring of execution-time distributions and propose a novel Goodness-of-Fit-based detection mechanism. Our detection approach exhibits improved accuracy and reduced variance compared to existing iid-based methods, offering more stable performance across heterogeneous workloads. The trade-off is higher detection latency, necessitating careful analysis of system-specific tolerance windows before deployment. Evaluation demonstrates both the practical threat posed by timing-based attacks and the viability of distribution-based anomaly detection, while acknowledging that synthetic evaluation cannot alone validate real-world applicability.
Cite as

Nicolas Benatti, Federico Reghenzani, and Vittorio Zaccaria. On DoS Attacks Exploiting Input Representativeness in Mixed-Criticality Systems. In 38th European Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 375, pp. 11:1-11:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@InProceedings{benatti_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2026.11,
  author =	{Benatti, Nicolas and Reghenzani, Federico and Zaccaria, Vittorio},
  title =	{{On DoS Attacks Exploiting Input Representativeness in Mixed-Criticality Systems}},
  booktitle =	{38th European Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2026)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:25},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-429-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{375},
  editor =	{Kritikakou, Angeliki},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2026.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-266039},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2026.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Cyber-physical systems, mixed-criticality systems, pWCET, denial-of-service, spoofing, data-oriented attack}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LITES.11.1.1
A Survey of Real-Time Support, Analysis, and Advancements in ROS 2

Authors: Daniel Casini, Jian-Jia Chen, Jing Li, Federico Reghenzani, and Harun Teper

Published in: LITES, Volume 11, Issue 1 (2026). Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 11, Issue 1

Abstract
The Robot Operating System 2 (ROS 2) has emerged as a relevant middleware framework for robotic applications, offering modularity, distributed execution, and communication. In the last six years, ROS 2 has drawn increasing attention from the real-time systems community and industry. This survey presents a comprehensive overview of research efforts that analyze, enhance, and extend ROS 2 to support real-time execution. We first provide a detailed description of the internal scheduling mechanisms of ROS 2 and its layered architecture, including the interaction with DDS-based communication and other communication middleware. We then review key contributions from the literature, covering timing analysis for both single- and multi-threaded executors, metrics such as response time, reaction time, and data age, and different communication modes. The survey also discusses community-driven enhancements to the ROS 2 runtime, including new executor algorithm designs, real-time GPU management, and microcontroller support via micro-ROS. Furthermore, we summarize techniques for bounding DDS communication delays, message filters, and profiling tools that have been developed to support analysis and experimentation. To help systematize this growing body of work, we introduce taxonomies that classify the surveyed contributions based on different criteria. This survey aims to guide both researchers and practitioners in understanding and improving the real-time capabilities of ROS 2.
Cite as

Daniel Casini, Jian-Jia Chen, Jing Li, Federico Reghenzani, and Harun Teper. A Survey of Real-Time Support, Analysis, and Advancements in ROS 2. In LITES, Volume 11, Issue 1 (2026). Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems, Volume 11, Issue 1, pp. 1:1-1:37, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@Article{casini_et_al:LITES.11.1.1,
  author =	{Casini, Daniel and Chen, Jian-Jia and Li, Jing and Reghenzani, Federico and Teper, Harun},
  title =	{{A Survey of Real-Time Support, Analysis, and Advancements in ROS 2}},
  journal =	{Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems},
  pages =	{1:1--1:37},
  ISSN =	{2199-2002},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{11},
  number =	{1},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LITES.11.1.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-257914},
  doi =		{10.4230/LITES.11.1.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: ROS 2, middleware, real-time, timing predictability, publish-subscribe}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.13
Faster Classification of Time-Series Input Streams

Authors: Kunal Agrawal, Sanjoy Baruah, Zhishan Guo, Jing Li, Federico Reghenzani, Kecheng Yang, and Jinhao Zhao

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 335, 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract
Deep learning–based classifiers are widely used for perception in autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS’s). However, such classifiers rarely offer guarantees of perfect accuracy while being optimized for efficiency. To support safety-critical perception, ensembles of multiple different classifiers working in concert are typically used. Since CPS’s interact with the physical world continuously, it is not unreasonable to expect dependencies among successive inputs in a stream of sensor data. Prior work introduced a classification technique that leverages these inter-input dependencies to reduce the average time to successful classification using classifier ensembles. In this paper, we propose generalizations to this classification technique, both in the improved generation of classifier cascades and the modeling of temporal dependencies. We demonstrate, through theoretical analysis and numerical evaluation, that our approach achieves further reductions in average classification latency compared to the prior methods.
Cite as

Kunal Agrawal, Sanjoy Baruah, Zhishan Guo, Jing Li, Federico Reghenzani, Kecheng Yang, and Jinhao Zhao. Faster Classification of Time-Series Input Streams. In 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 335, pp. 13:1-13:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{agrawal_et_al:LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.13,
  author =	{Agrawal, Kunal and Baruah, Sanjoy and Guo, Zhishan and Li, Jing and Reghenzani, Federico and Yang, Kecheng and Zhao, Jinhao},
  title =	{{Faster Classification of Time-Series Input Streams}},
  booktitle =	{37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)},
  pages =	{13:1--13:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-377-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{335},
  editor =	{Mancuso, Renato},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.13},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235919},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2025.13},
  annote =	{Keywords: Classification, Deep Learning, Sensor data streams, IDK classifiers}
}
Document
Artifact
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.11.1.4
Faster Classification of Time-Series Input Streams (Artifact)

Authors: Kunal Agrawal, Sanjoy Baruah, Zhishan Guo, Jing Li, Federico Reghenzani, Kecheng Yang, and Jinhao Zhao

Published in: DARTS, Volume 11, Issue 1, Special Issue of the 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025)

Abstract
Deep learning–based classifiers are widely used for perception in autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS’s). However, such classifiers rarely offer guarantees of perfect accuracy while being optimized for efficiency. To support safety-critical perception, ensembles of multiple different classifiers working in concert are typically used. Since CPS’s interact with the physical world continuously, it is not unreasonable to expect dependencies among successive inputs in a stream of sensor data. Prior work introduced a classification technique that leverages these inter-input dependencies to reduce the average time to successful classification using classifier ensembles. In this paper, we propose generalizations to this classification technique, both in the improved generation of classifier cascades and the modeling of temporal dependencies. We demonstrate, through theoretical analysis and numerical evaluation, that our approach achieves further reductions in average classification latency compared to the prior methods.
Cite as

Kunal Agrawal, Sanjoy Baruah, Zhishan Guo, Jing Li, Federico Reghenzani, Kecheng Yang, and Jinhao Zhao. Faster Classification of Time-Series Input Streams (Artifact). In Special Issue of the 37th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2025). Dagstuhl Artifacts Series (DARTS), Volume 11, Issue 1, pp. 4:1-4:3, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@Article{agrawal_et_al:DARTS.11.1.4,
  author =	{Agrawal, Kunal and Baruah, Sanjoy and Guo, Zhishan and Li, Jing and Reghenzani, Federico and Yang, Kecheng and Zhao, Jinhao},
  title =	{{Faster Classification of Time-Series Input Streams (Artifact)}},
  pages =	{4:1--4:3},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Artifacts Series},
  ISSN =	{2509-8195},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{11},
  number =	{1},
  editor =	{Agrawal, Kunal and Baruah, Sanjoy and Guo, Zhishan and Li, Jing and Reghenzani, Federico and Yang, Kecheng and Zhao, Jinhao},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DARTS.11.1.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-236057},
  doi =		{10.4230/DARTS.11.1.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Classification, Deep Learning, Sensor data streams, IDK classifiers}
}
Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2022
OASIcs, Volume 98, NG-RES 2022, Complete Volume

Authors: Marko Bertogna, Federico Terraneo, and Federico Reghenzani

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 98, Third Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2022)

Abstract
OASIcs, Volume 98, NG-RES 2022, Complete Volume
Cite as

Third Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2022). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 98, pp. 1-58, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@Proceedings{bertogna_et_al:OASIcs.NG-RES.2022,
  title =	{{OASIcs, Volume 98, NG-RES 2022, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{Third Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2022)},
  pages =	{1--58},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-221-1},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{98},
  editor =	{Bertogna, Marko and Terraneo, Federico and Reghenzani, Federico},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2022},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-161070},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2022},
  annote =	{Keywords: OASIcs, Volume 98, NG-RES 2022, Complete Volume}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2022.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Marko Bertogna, Federico Terraneo, and Federico Reghenzani

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 98, Third Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2022)

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

Third Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2022). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 98, pp. 0:i-0:x, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{bertogna_et_al:OASIcs.NG-RES.2022.0,
  author =	{Bertogna, Marko and Terraneo, Federico and Reghenzani, Federico},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{Third Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2022)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:x},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-221-1},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{98},
  editor =	{Bertogna, Marko and Terraneo, Federico and Reghenzani, Federico},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2022.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-161082},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2022.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
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