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Accountable MonadBFT: Fast, Responsive, Fork-Resistant Consensus with Speculation Accountability

Authors: Mohammad Mussadiq Jalalzai, Kushal Babel, Jovan Komatovic, Tobias Klenze, Sourav Das, Fatima Elsheimy, Mike Setrin, John Bergschneider, and Babak Poorebrahim Gilkalaye

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 397, 40th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2026)


Abstract
This paper introduces MonadBFT, a novel Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus protocol that advances both performance and robustness. As a HotStuff-family protocol, MonadBFT features linear message and authenticator complexity, where authenticators refer to signatures or partial signatures, on the happy path and is optimistically responsive, operating as quickly as the network allows. One of the central features of MonadBFT is speculative commitment, which provides the prospective state after three message delays, with reverts occurring only in the rare event of provable leader equivocation. This feature is important for two reasons: first, it decreases the latency for users. Second, it makes MonadBFT resistant to a specific form of Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) attack known as tail-forking. Tail-forking occurs when a malicious leader forks away from its predecessor’s block, causing that block to be abandoned and depriving the predecessor of rewards. This allows the malicious leader to reorder, steal, or exploit transactions, thereby exacerbating MEV exploitation. MonadBFT effectively mitigates such vulnerabilities, ensuring fairness and integrity in transaction processing. To our knowledge, no other pipelined leader-based protocol combines all these features. To make reverts of speculatively committed blocks even less likely, we extend our protocol to Accountable MonadBFT: whenever a speculatively committed block is reverted, at least one-sixth of all validators are provably culpable, with evidence enabling penalties such as slashing.

Cite as

Mohammad Mussadiq Jalalzai, Kushal Babel, Jovan Komatovic, Tobias Klenze, Sourav Das, Fatima Elsheimy, Mike Setrin, John Bergschneider, and Babak Poorebrahim Gilkalaye. Accountable MonadBFT: Fast, Responsive, Fork-Resistant Consensus with Speculation Accountability. In 40th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 397, pp. 47:1-47:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)


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@InProceedings{jalalzai_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2026.47,
  author =	{Jalalzai, Mohammad Mussadiq and Babel, Kushal and Komatovic, Jovan and Klenze, Tobias and Das, Sourav and Elsheimy, Fatima and Setrin, Mike and Bergschneider, John and Gilkalaye, Babak Poorebrahim},
  title =	{{Accountable MonadBFT: Fast, Responsive, Fork-Resistant Consensus with Speculation Accountability}},
  booktitle =	{40th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2026)},
  pages =	{47:1--47:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-454-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{397},
  editor =	{Moses Jr., William K. and Censor-Hillel, Keren},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2026.47},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-281532},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2026.47},
  annote =	{Keywords: BFT consensus, blockchain, speculative commit, accountability}
}

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