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Parameterized Complexity of Edge-Coloured and Signed Graph Homomorphism Problems

Authors Florent Foucaud, Hervé Hocquard, Dimitri Lajou, Valia Mitsou, Théo Pierron

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Author Details

Florent Foucaud
  • Univ. Orléans, INSA Centre Val de Loire, LIFO EA 4022, F-45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
  • Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, LaBRI, UMR5800, F-33400 Talence, France
Hervé Hocquard
  • Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, LaBRI, UMR5800, F-33400 Talence, France
Dimitri Lajou
  • Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, LaBRI, UMR5800, F-33400 Talence, France
Valia Mitsou
  • Université Paris-Diderot, IRIF, CNRS, 75205, Paris, France
Théo Pierron
  • Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, LaBRI, UMR5800, F-33400 Talence, France
  • DIMEA, Masaryk University, 60200 Brno, Czech republic

Funding

This research was financed by the ANR project HOSIGRA (ANR-17-CE40-0022) and the IFCAM project "Applications of graph homomorphisms" (MA/IFCAM/18/39).

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Florent Foucaud, Hervé Hocquard, Dimitri Lajou, Valia Mitsou, and Théo Pierron. Parameterized Complexity of Edge-Coloured and Signed Graph Homomorphism Problems. In 14th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 148, pp. 15:1-15:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2019.15

Abstract

We study the complexity of graph modification problems with respect to homomorphism-based colouring properties of edge-coloured graphs. A homomorphism from an edge-coloured graph G to an edge-coloured graph H is a vertex-mapping from G to H that preserves adjacencies and edge-colours. We consider the property of having a homomorphism to a fixed edge-coloured graph H, which generalises the classic vertex-colourability property. The question we are interested in is the following: given an edge-coloured graph G, can we perform k graph operations so that the resulting graph admits a homomorphism to H? The operations we consider are vertex-deletion, edge-deletion and switching (an operation that permutes the colours of the edges incident to a given vertex). Switching plays an important role in the theory of signed graphs, that are 2-edge-coloured graphs whose colours are the signs + and -. We denote the corresponding problems (parameterized by k) by Vertex Deletion-H-Colouring, Edge Deletion-H-Colouring and Switching-H-Colouring. These problems generalise the extensively studied H-Colouring problem (where one has to decide if an input graph admits a homomorphism to a fixed target H). For 2-edge-coloured H, it is known that H-Colouring already captures the complexity of all fixed-target Constraint Satisfaction Problems. Our main focus is on the case where H is an edge-coloured graph of order at most 2, a case that is already interesting since it includes standard problems such as Vertex Cover, Odd Cycle Transversal and Edge Bipartization. For such a graph H, we give a PTime/NP-complete complexity dichotomy for all three Vertex Deletion-H-Colouring, Edge Deletion-H-Colouring and Switching-H-Colouring problems. Then, we address their parameterized complexity. We show that all Vertex Deletion-H-Colouring and Edge Deletion-H-Colouring problems for such H are FPT. This is in contrast with the fact that already for some H of order 3, unless PTime = NP, none of the three considered problems is in XP, since 3-Colouring is NP-complete. We show that the situation is different for Switching-H-Colouring: there are three 2-edge-coloured graphs H of order 2 for which Switching-H-Colouring is W[1]-hard, and assuming the ETH, admits no algorithm in time f(k)n^{o(k)} for inputs of size n and for any computable function f. For the other cases, Switching-H-Colouring is FPT.

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Theory of computation → Graph algorithms analysis
  • Theory of computation → Parameterized complexity and exact algorithms
Keywords
  • Graph homomorphism
  • Graph modification
  • Edge-coloured graph
  • Signed graph

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