Document Open Access Logo

Efficient Parallel Execution of Blockchain Transactions Leveraging Conflict Specifications

Authors Parwat Singh Anjana , Matin Amini , Rohit Kapoor , Rahul Parmar , Raghavendra Ramesh , Srivatsan Ravi , Joshua Tobkin

PDF

File

Thumbnail PDF
PDF
LIPIcs.AFT.2025.29.pdf
  • Filesize: 1.63 MB
  • 26 pages

Document Identifiers

Related Versions

Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Computing methodologies → Parallel computing methodologies
Keywords
  • Blockchain
  • Smart Contract
  • Parallel Execution
  • Conflict Specifications

Metrics

  • Access Statistics
  • Total Accesses (updated on a weekly basis)
    0
    PDF Downloads
    0
    Metadata Views

Abstract

Parallel execution of smart contract transactions in large multicore architectures is critical for higher efficiency and improved throughput. The main bottleneck for maximizing the throughput of a node through parallel execution is transaction conflict resolution: when two transactions interact with the same data, like an account balance, their order matters. Imagine one transaction sends tokens from account A to account B, and another tries to send tokens from account B to account C. If the second transaction happens before the first one, the token balance in account B might be wrong, causing the entire system to break. Conflicts like these must be managed carefully, or you end up with an inconsistent, unusable blockchain state.
Traditional software transactional memory (STM) has been identified as a possible abstraction for the concurrent execution of transactions within a block, with Block-STM pioneering its application for efficient blockchain transaction processing on multicore validator nodes. This paper presents a parallel execution methodology that leverages conflict specification information of the transactions for block transactional memory (BTM) algorithms. Our experimental analysis, conducted over synthetic transactional workloads and real-world blocks, demonstrates that BTMs leveraging conflict specifications outperform their plain counterparts on both EVM and MoveVM. Our proposed BTM implementations achieve up to 1.75× speedup over sequential execution and outperform the state-of-the-art Parallel-EVM (PEVM) execution by up to 1.33× across synthetic workloads.

Cite As Get BibTex

Parwat Singh Anjana, Matin Amini, Rohit Kapoor, Rahul Parmar, Raghavendra Ramesh, Srivatsan Ravi, and Joshua Tobkin. Efficient Parallel Execution of Blockchain Transactions Leveraging Conflict Specifications. In 7th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 354, pp. 29:1-29:26, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2025.29

Author Details

Parwat Singh Anjana
  • Supra Research, Udaipur, India
Matin Amini
  • University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Rohit Kapoor
  • Supra Research, New Delhi, India
Rahul Parmar
  • Supra Research, Ahmedabad, India
Raghavendra Ramesh
  • Supra Research, Brisbane, Australia
Srivatsan Ravi
  • Supra Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Joshua Tobkin
  • Supra Research, Taipei, Taiwan

References

  1. Mohammad Javad Amiri, Divyakant Agrawal, and Amr El Abbadi. Parblockchain: Leveraging transaction parallelism in permissioned blockchain systems. In 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), pages 1337-1347, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, July 2019. IEEE, IEEE Computer Society. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2019.00134.
  2. Parwat Singh Anjana, Hagit Attiya, Sweta Kumari, Sathya Peri, and Archit Somani. Efficient concurrent execution of smart contracts in blockchains using object-based transactional memory. In Networked Systems, pages 77-93, Cham, 2021. Springer International Publishing. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67087-0_6.
  3. Parwat Singh Anjana, Sweta Kumari, Sathya Peri, Sachin Rathor, and Archit Somani. An efficient framework for optimistic concurrent execution of smart contracts. In 27th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing (PDP), pages 83-92. IEEE, IEEE Computer Society, February 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/EMPDP.2019.8671637.
  4. Parwat Singh Anjana, Sweta Kumari, Sathya Peri, Sachin Rathor, and Archit Somani. Optsmart: a space efficient optimistic concurrent execution of smart contracts. Distributed and Parallel Databases, pages 1-53, 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10619-022-07412-y.
  5. Aptos Labs. The aptos blockchain: Safe, scalable, and upgradeable web3 infrastructure, August 2022. [August 11, 2022]. URL: https://aptosfoundation.org/whitepaper/aptos-whitepaper_en.pdf.
  6. Shrey Baheti, Parwat Singh Anjana, Sathya Peri, and Yogesh Simmhan. Dipetrans: A framework for distributed parallel execution of transactions of blocks in blockchains. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 34(10):e6804, 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.6804.
  7. Block-stm implementation. [Github, Accessed: January 2024]. URL: https://github.com/danielxiangzl/Block-STM.
  8. BlueAlloy. Revm: A rust implementation of the evm, 2023. [Github, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://github.com/bluealloy/revm.
  9. Chainstack. Ethereum traceBlockByNumber API Reference, 2025. [Docs, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://docs.chainstack.com/reference/ethereum-traceblockbynumber.
  10. CryptoKitties. CryptoKitties Webpage, 2024. [Webpage, Accessed: January 2025, Contract Address: 0x06012c8cf97BEaD5deAe237070F9587f8E7A266d, Creation Transaction: 0x691f348ef11e9ef95d540a2da2c5f38e36072619aa44db0827e1b8a276f120f4]. URL: https://www.cryptokitties.co/.
  11. Thomas Dickerson, Paul Gazzillo, Maurice Herlihy, and Eric Koskinen. Adding concurrency to smart contracts. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, pages 303-312, New York, NY, USA, 2017. PODC '17, ACM. URL: https://doi.org/10.1145/3087801.3087835.
  12. Ethereum (ETH): open-source blockchain-based distributed computing platform. [Webpage, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://www.ethereum.org/.
  13. Ethereum Foundation. Ethereum 2.0 Merge, 2022. [Blog, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://ethereum.org/en/upgrades/merge/.
  14. Etherscan verifier, July 2025. [Website, Accessed: July 2025]. URL: https://etherscan.io/verifyContract.
  15. Mohamed Fouda. The case for parallel processing chains, September 2022. [Blog, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://medium.com/alliancedao/the-case-for-parallel-processing-chains-90bac38a6ba4.
  16. Sui Foundation. All about parallelization, January 2024. [Blog, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://blog.sui.io/parallelization-explained/.
  17. Rati Gelashvili, Alexander Spiegelman, Zhuolun Xiang, George Danezis, Zekun Li, Dahlia Malkhi, Yu Xia, and Runtian Zhou. Block-stm: Scaling blockchain execution by turning ordering curse to a performance blessing. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGPLAN Annual Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming, PPoPP '23, pages 232-244, New York, NY, USA, 2023. Association for Computing Machinery. URL: https://doi.org/10.1145/3572848.3577524.
  18. Rachid Guerraoui and Michal Kapalka. Principles of Transactional Memory, Synthesis Lectures on Distributed Computing Theory. Morgan and Claypool, 2010. Google Scholar
  19. Petr Kuznetsov and Srivatsan Ravi. On the cost of concurrency in transactional memory. In International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS), pages 112-127, 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25873-2_9.
  20. Helius Labs. Solana local fee markets: How they work and why they matter, 2024. [Blog, Accessed: May 2025]. URL: https://www.helius.dev/blog/solana-local-fee-markets.
  21. What is lazy minting? introducing a smarter yet economical way to mint nfts, January 2024. [Blog, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://www.antiersolutions.com/what-is-lazy-minting-introducing-a-smarter-yet-economical-way-to-mint-nfts/.
  22. Nancy A. Lynch. Distributed Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, 1996. Google Scholar
  23. Mythx vulnerability coverage, July 2025. [Website, Accessed: July 2025]. URL: https://mythx.io/detectors/.
  24. Pareto distribution, 2023. [Wikipedia, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_distribution.
  25. Manaswini Piduguralla, Saheli Chakraborty, Parwat Singh Anjana, and Sathya Peri. Dag-based efficient parallel scheduler for blockchains: Hyperledger sawtooth as a case study. In European Conference on Parallel Processing, pages 184-198, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2023. Springer, Springer-Verlag. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39698-4_13.
  26. Polygon Labs. Innovating the main chain: A polygon pos study in parallelization, 2024. [Blog, Accessed: May 2025]. URL: https://polygon.technology/blog/innovating-the-main-chain-a-polygon-pos-study-in-parallelization.
  27. RISE Chain. RISE Chain Webpage, 2024. [Webpage, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://www.riselabs.xyz/.
  28. RISE Labs. PEVM: Parallel Ethereum Virtual Machine, 2023. [Github, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://github.com/risechain/pevm.
  29. Vikram Saraph and Maurice Herlihy. An empirical study of speculative concurrency in ethereum smart contracts. In International Conference on Blockchain Economics, Security and Protocols (Tokenomics 2019), pages 4:1-4:15, Dagstuhl, Germany, 2019. OpenAccess Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. URL: https://doi.org/10.4230/OASIcs.Tokenomics.2019.4.
  30. Architecture documentaion v1.2. [Whitepaper, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://sawtooth.hyperledger.org/docs/1.2/architecture/transaction_scheduling.html.
  31. Sei Labs. Sei Giga: Scaling the EVM through Parallel Execution, 2024. [Whitepaper, Accessed: May 2025]. URL: https://github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/blob/main/whitepaper/Sei_Giga.pdf.
  32. Nir Shavit and Dan Touitou. Software transactional memory. In Proceedings of the fourteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing, pages 204-213, 1995. URL: https://doi.org/10.1145/224964.224987.
  33. Solana documentation. [Docs, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://docs.solana.com/.
  34. Solana fees, part 1, December 2023. [Blog, Accessed: May 2025]. URL: https://www.umbraresearch.xyz/writings/solana-fees-part-1.
  35. SolanaFloor. Solana’s local fee market: A solution to soaring gas prices, 2024. [Blog, Accessed: May 2025]. URL: https://solanafloor.com/news/solanas-local-fee-market-a-solution-to-soaring-gas-prices.
  36. Sui documentation: Discover the power of sui through examples, guides, and concepts. [Docs, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://docs.sui.io.
  37. Umbraresearch. Lifecycle of a solana transaction. [Blog, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://www.umbraresearch.xyz/writings/lifecycle-of-a-solana-transaction.
  38. Anatoly Yakovenko. Sealevel - parallel processing thousands of smart contracts, September 2019. [Blog, Accessed: January 2025]. URL: https://medium.com/solana-labs/sealevel-parallel-processing-thousands-of-smart-contracts-d814b378192.
Any Issues?
X

Feedback on the Current Page

CAPTCHA

Thanks for your feedback!

Feedback submitted to Dagstuhl Publishing

Could not send message

Please try again later or send an E-mail
© 2023-2025 Schloss Dagstuhl – LZI GmbH About DROPS Imprint Privacy Contact