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SoK: Cryptographic Key Recovery for Cryptoasset Custody and Financial Technologies

Authors Francisco Javier Becerra Sanchez , Antonio Ken Iannillo , Radu State

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Subject Classification

ACM Subject Classification
  • Security and privacy → Key management
Keywords
  • Cryptoasset Custody
  • Key Recovery
  • Wallet Security
  • Smart Accounts
  • Threshold Cryptography
  • Secret Sharing
  • Decentralized Identity
  • Secure Hardware

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Abstract

Cryptoasset systems often bind cryptographic key control to financial control: losing a wallet seed, custody share, hardware device, or smart-account credential can remove spend authority, while compromised recovery can enable theft. Existing work treats recovery through separate vocabularies-key backup, secret sharing, account recovery, credential re-issuance, social recovery, and asset migration-making mechanisms and tradeoffs difficult to compare.
This paper presents a Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) on cryptographic key recovery for cryptoasset custody and financial technologies. Starting from a 118-paper systematic-review discovery corpus, we derive a 77-paper synthesis corpus and code each retained system in a master matrix covering recovered objects, recovery semantics, mechanisms, enrollment and storage, authorization, trust placement, failure events, post-recovery state, validation evidence, deployment status, privacy, usability, and limitations. The matrix supports an axis-first taxonomy that separates secret-restoring, hybrid, control-restoring, forensic/extractive, and framework-oriented recovery.
Our central observation is that recovery is not a single operation: systems may reconstruct an original secret, regenerate a seed, restore a share, reissue a credential, migrate signing authority, restore account control, move assets, or extract forensic artifacts. We derive a generalized construction model, check it against production-facing designs, and identify six findings: recovery semantics are heterogeneous; recovery shifts trust; liveness improvements create abuse paths; post-recovery lifecycle management is uneven; protocol evidence outpaces user evidence; and recovery metadata remains underprotected. These gaps motivate a research agenda for recovery-aware financial technologies.

Cite As Get BibTex

Francisco Javier Becerra Sanchez, Antonio Ken Iannillo, and Radu State. SoK: Cryptographic Key Recovery for Cryptoasset Custody and Financial Technologies. In 8th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 395, pp. 3:1-3:28, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026) https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2026.3

Author Details

Francisco Javier Becerra Sanchez
  • University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Antonio Ken Iannillo
  • University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Radu State
  • University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg

Funding

This research was funded in part by the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR), grant NCER22/IS/16570468/NCER-FT, and by FinnovationHub, funded by the Ministry of Finance of the Government of Luxembourg.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank colleagues and reviewers for helpful feedback.

Supplementary Materials

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